3_RARE_Photos_Car_Dealer_Street_automobile_Manhattan_Ave_Brooklyn_NY_c_1914_01_bxyb

3 RARE Photos Car Dealer Street automobile Manhattan Ave Brooklyn NY c 1914

3 RARE Photos Car Dealer Street automobile Manhattan Ave Brooklyn NY c 1914
3 RARE Photos Car Dealer Street automobile Manhattan Ave Brooklyn NY c 1914
3 RARE Photos Car Dealer Street automobile Manhattan Ave Brooklyn NY c 1914
3 RARE Photos Car Dealer Street automobile Manhattan Ave Brooklyn NY c 1914
3 RARE Photos Car Dealer Street automobile Manhattan Ave Brooklyn NY c 1914

3 RARE Photos Car Dealer Street automobile Manhattan Ave Brooklyn NY c 1914
Automobile Dealership & More. For offer – an interesting photo lot. Fresh from a prominent estate in Upstate, Western New York. Never offered on the market until now. Vintage, Old, antique, Original – NOT a Reproduction – Guaranteed!! Brooklyn written on back of one photo. One photo has an automobile in front of building with advertising signs for George B Ma-? Wagons, trucks, carriages, and automobiles. It looks like the license plate says 1914 on it – hard to read. Other photos have advertising signs – one has many signs, including E. Hazelwood, 804 Manhattan Ave. Looks like there might be a Studebaker sign as well. Perhaps these were all taken on Manhattan Ave – more research needs to be done. Each ones measures 3 1/4 x 5 1/2 inches. In good to very good condition. Small tear at edge. Please see photos below. If you collect 20th century history, American photography, Americana, NYC, etc. This is a nice one for your paper or ephemera collection. Perhaps some genealogy information as well. Brooklyn (/’br? Kl? N/) is a borough of New York City, co-extensive with Kings County, in the U. State of New York. It is the most-populous county in the state, the second-most densely populated county in the United States, [7] and New York City’s most populous borough, with an estimated 2,648,403 residents in 2020. [8] Named after the Dutch village of Breukelen, it shares a land border with the borough of Queens, at the western end of Long Island. Brooklyn has several bridge and tunnel connections to the borough of Manhattan across the East River, and the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge connects it with Staten Island. With a land area of 70.82 square miles (183.4 km2) and a water area of 26 square miles (67 km2), Kings County is New York state’s fourth-smallest county by land area, and third-smallest by total area, though it is the largest in population. It is the second-largest among the city’s five boroughs in area and largest in population. [9] If each borough were ranked as a city, Brooklyn would rank as the third-most populous in the U. After Los Angeles and Chicago. Brooklyn was an independent incorporated city (and previously an authorized village and town within the provisions of the New York State Constitution) until January 1, 1898, when, after a long political campaign and public relations battle during the 1890s, according to the new Municipal Charter of “Greater New York”, Brooklyn was consolidated with other cities, towns, and counties, to form the modern City of New York, surrounding the Upper New York Bay with five constituent boroughs. The borough continues, however, to maintain a distinct culture. Many Brooklyn neighborhoods are ethnic enclaves. Brooklyn’s official motto, displayed on the Borough seal and flag, is Eendraght Maeckt Maght, which translates from early modern Dutch as “Unity makes strength”. In the first decades of the 21st century, Brooklyn has experienced a renaissance as a destination for hipsters, [10] with concomitant gentrification, dramatic house price increases, and a decrease in housing affordability. [11] Since the 2010s, Brooklyn has evolved into a thriving hub of entrepreneurship, high technology start-up firms, [12][13] postmodern art[14] and design. The name Brooklyn is derived from the original Dutch colonial name Breuckelen. The oldest mention of the settlement in the Netherlands, is in a charter of 953 of Holy Roman Emperor Otto I, namely Broecklede. [15] This is a composition of the two words broeck, meaning bog or marshland and lede, meaning small (dug) water stream specifically in peat areas. [16] Breuckelen in the American continent is established in 1646, the name first appeared in print in 1663. [17] The Dutch colonists named it after the scenic town of Breukelen, Netherlands. [18][19] Over the past two millennia, the name of the ancient town in Holland has been Bracola, Broccke, Brocckede, Broiclede, Brocklandia, Broekclen, Broikelen, Breuckelen and finally Breukelen. [20] The New Amsterdam settlement of Breuckelen also went through many spelling variations, including Breucklyn, Breuckland, Brucklyn, Broucklyn, Brookland, Brockland, Brocklin, and Brookline/Brook-line. There have been so many variations of the name that its origin has been debated; some have claimed breuckelen means “broken land”. [21] The final name of Brooklyn, however, is the most accurate to its meaning. Part of a series of articles on. Long Island SoundBarrier islands. Brooklyn Museum – Hooker’s Map of the Village of Brooklyn. See also: Timeline of Brooklyn. The history of European settlement in Brooklyn spans more than 350 years. The settlement began in the 17th century as the small Dutch-founded town of “Breuckelen” on the East River shore of Long Island, grew to be a sizeable city in the 19th century, and was consolidated in 1898 with New York City (then confined to Manhattan and the Bronx), the remaining rural areas of Kings County, and the largely rural areas of Queens and Staten Island, to form the modern City of New York. The Dutch were the first Europeans to settle Long Island’s western edge, which was then largely inhabited by the Lenape, an Algonquian-speaking American Indian tribe often referred to in European documents by a variation of the place name “Canarsie”. Bands were associated with place names, but the colonists thought their names represented different tribes. The Breuckelen settlement was named after Breukelen in the Netherlands; it was part of New Netherland. The Dutch West India Company lost little time in chartering the six original parishes (listed here by their later English town names):[24]. Gravesend: in 1645, settled under Dutch patent by English followers of Anabaptist Deborah Moody, named for’s-Gravenzande, Netherlands, or Gravesend, England. Brooklyn Heights: as Breuckelen in 1646, after the town now spelled Breukelen, Netherlands. Breuckelen was along Fulton Street (now Fulton Mall) between Hoyt Street and Smith Street according to H. Brooklyn Heights, or Clover Hill, is where the village of Brooklyn was founded in 1816. Flatlands: as Nieuw Amersfoort in 1647. Flatbush: as Midwout in 1652. Nieuw Utrecht: in 1657, after the city of Utrecht, Netherlands. Bushwick: as Boswijck in 1661. A typical dining table in the Dutch village of Brooklyn, c. 1664, from The Brooklyn Museum. The colony’s capital of New Amsterdam, across the East River, obtained its charter in 1653. The neighborhood of Marine Park was home to North America’s first tide mill. It was built by the Dutch, and the foundation can be seen today. But the area was not formally settled as a town. Many incidents and documents relating to this period are in Gabriel Furman’s 1824 compilation. Province of New York. Village of Brooklyn and environs, 1766. What is now Brooklyn today left Dutch hands after the English captured the New Netherland colony on 1664, a prelude to the Second Anglo-Dutch War. New Netherland was taken in a naval action, and the English renamed the new capture for their naval commander, James, Duke of York, brother of the then monarch King Charles II and future king himself as King James II; Brooklyn became a part of the Province of New York, which formed one of the Thirteen Colonies. The six old Dutch towns on southwestern Long Island were reorganized as Kings County on November 1, 1683, [26] one of the “original twelve counties” then established in New York Province. This tract of land was recognized as a political entity for the first time, and the municipal groundwork was laid for a later expansive idea of a Brooklyn identity. Lacking the patroon and tenant farmer system established along the Hudson River Valley, this agricultural county unusually came to have one of the highest percentages of slaves among the population in the “Original Thirteen Colonies” along the Atlantic Ocean eastern coast of North America. Further information: Battle of Long Island and New York and New Jersey campaign. The Battle of Long Island was fought across Kings County. On August 27, 1776, was fought the Battle of Long Island (also known as the’Battle of Brooklyn’), the first major engagement fought in the American Revolutionary War after independence was declared, and the largest of the entire conflict. British troops forced Continental Army troops under George Washington off the heights near the modern sites of Green-Wood Cemetery, Prospect Park, and Grand Army Plaza. Washington, viewing particularly fierce fighting at the Gowanus Creek and Old Stone House from atop a hill near the west end of present-day Atlantic Avenue, was reported to have emotionally exclaimed: What brave men I must this day lose! The fortified American positions at Brooklyn Heights consequently became untenable and were evacuated a few days later, leaving the British in control of New York Harbor. While Washington’s defeat on the battlefield cast early doubts on his ability as the commander, the tactical withdrawal of all his troops and supplies across the East River in a single night is now seen by historians as one of his most brilliant triumphs. The British controlled the surrounding region for the duration of the war, as New York City was soon occupied and became their military and political base of operations in North America for the remainder of the conflict. The British generally enjoyed a dominant Loyalist sentiment from the residents in Kings County who did not evacuate, though the region was also the center of the fledgling-and largely successful-Patriot intelligence network, headed by Washington himself. One result of the Treaty of Paris in 1783 was the evacuation of the British from New York City, which was celebrated by New Yorkers into the 20th century. A preindustrial Winter Scene in Brooklyn, c. 1819-20, by Francis Guy (Brooklyn Museum). The first half of the 19th century saw the beginning of the development of urban areas on the economically strategic East River shore of Kings County, facing the adolescent City of New York confined to Manhattan Island. The New York Navy Yard operated in Wallabout Bay (border between Brooklyn and Williamsburgh) during the 19th century and two-thirds of the 20th century. The first center of urbanization sprang up in the Town of Brooklyn, directly across from Lower Manhattan, which saw the incorporation of the Village of Brooklyn in 1817. Reliable steam ferry service across the East River to Fulton Landing converted Brooklyn Heights into a commuter town for Wall Street. Ferry Road to Jamaica Pass became Fulton Street to East New York. Town and Village were combined to form the first, kernel incarnation of the City of Brooklyn in 1834. In a parallel development, the Town of Bushwick, farther up the river, saw the incorporation of the Village of Williamsburgh in 1827, which separated as the Town of Williamsburgh in 1840 and formed the short-lived City of Williamsburgh in 1851. Industrial deconcentration in the mid-century was bringing shipbuilding and other manufacturing to the northern part of the county. Each of the two cities and six towns in Kings County remained independent municipalities and purposely created non-aligning street grids with different naming systems. However, the East River shore was growing too fast for the three-year-old infant City of Williamsburgh; it, along with its Town of Bushwick hinterland, was subsumed within a greater City of Brooklyn in 1854. By 1841, with the appearance of The Brooklyn Eagle, and Kings County Democrat published by Alfred G. Stevens, the growing city across the East River from Manhattan was producing its own prominent newspaper. [29] It later became the most popular and highest circulation afternoon paper in America. The publisher changed to L. Van Anden on April 19, 1842, [30] and the paper was renamed The Brooklyn Daily Eagle and Kings County Democrat on June 1, 1846. [31] On May 14, 1849, the name was shortened to The Brooklyn Daily Eagle;[32] on September 5, 1938, it was further shortened to Brooklyn Eagle. [33] The establishment of the paper in the 1840s helped develop a separate identity for Brooklynites over the next century. The borough’s soon-to-be-famous National League baseball team, the Brooklyn Dodgers, also assisted with this. Both major institutions were lost in the 1950s: the paper closed in 1955 after unsuccessful attempts at a sale following a reporters’ strike, and the baseball team decamped for Los Angeles in a realignment of major league baseball in 1957. Agitation against Southern slavery was stronger in Brooklyn than in New York, [34] and under Republican leadership, the city was fervent in the Union cause in the Civil War. After the war the Henry Ward Beecher Monument was built downtown to honor a famous local abolitionist. A great victory arch was built at what was then the south end of town to celebrate the armed forces; this place is now called Grand Army Plaza. The number of people living in Brooklyn grew rapidly early in the 19th century. There were 4,402 by 1810, 7,175 in 1820 and 15,396 by 1830. [35] The city’s population was 25,000 in 1834, but the police department comprised only 12 men on the day shift and another 12 on the night shift. Every time a rash of burglaries broke out, officials blamed burglars from New York City. Finally, in 1855, a modern police force was created, employing 150 men. Voters complained of inadequate protection and excessive costs. In 1857, the state legislature merged the Brooklyn force with that of New York City. Any Thing for Me, if You Please? Fervent in the Union cause, the city of Brooklyn played a major role in supplying troops and materiel for the American Civil War. The most well-known regiment to be sent off to war from the city was the 14th Brooklyn “Red Legged Devils”. They fought from 1861 to 1864, wore red the entire war, and were the only regiment named after a city. President Lincoln called them into service, making them part of a handful of three-year enlisted soldiers in April 1861. Unlike other regiments during the American Civil War, the 14th wore a uniform inspired by the French Chasseurs, a light infantry used for quick assaults. The two combined in shipbuilding; the ironclad Monitor was built in Brooklyn. Brooklyn is referred to as the twin city of New York in the 1883 poem, “The New Colossus” by Emma Lazarus, which appears on a plaque inside the Statue of Liberty. The poem calls New York Harbor “the air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame”. As a twin city to New York, it played a role in national affairs that was later overshadowed by its century-old submergence into its old partner and rival. Economic growth continued, propelled by immigration and industrialization, and Brooklyn established itself as the third-most populous American city for much of the 19th century. The waterfront from Gowanus Bay to Greenpoint was developed with piers and factories. Industrial access to the waterfront was improved by the Gowanus Canal and the canalized Newtown Creek. USS Monitor was the most famous product of the large and growing shipbuilding industry of Williamsburg. After the Civil War, trolley lines and other transport brought urban sprawl beyond Prospect Park and into the center of the county. Brooklyn Bridge in 1883, by Currier and Ives. The rapidly growing population needed more water, so the City built centralized waterworks including the Ridgewood Reservoir. The municipal Police Department, however, was abolished in 1854 in favor of a Metropolitan force covering also New York and Westchester Counties. In 1865 the Brooklyn Fire Department (BFD) also gave way to the new Metropolitan Fire District. Throughout this period the peripheral towns of Kings County, far from Manhattan and even from urban Brooklyn, maintained their rustic independence. The only municipal change seen was the secession of the eastern section of the Town of Flatbush as the Town of New Lots in 1852. The building of rail links such as the Brighton Beach Line in 1878 heralded the end of this isolation. Borough of Brooklyn wards, 1900. Sports became big business, and the Brooklyn Bridegrooms played professional baseball at Washington Park in the convenient suburb of Park Slope and elsewhere. Early in the next century, under their new name of Brooklyn Dodgers, they brought baseball to Ebbets Field, beyond Prospect Park. Racetracks, amusement parks, and beach resorts opened in Brighton Beach, Coney Island, and elsewhere in the southern part of the county. Currier and Ives print of Brooklyn, 1886. Toward the end of the 19th century, the City of Brooklyn experienced its final, explosive growth spurt. Railroads and industrialization spread to Bay Ridge and Sunset Park. Within a decade, the city had annexed the Town of New Lots in 1886, the Town of Flatbush, the Town of Gravesend, the Town of New Utrecht in 1894, and the Town of Flatlands in 1896. Brooklyn had reached its natural municipal boundaries at the ends of Kings County. Mayors of the City of Brooklyn. See also: List of mayors of New York City and Brooklyn borough presidents. Since 1898, Brooklyn has, in place of a separate mayor, elected a Borough President. Mayors of the City of Brooklyn[37]. New York City borough. In 1883, the Brooklyn Bridge was completed, transportation to Manhattan was no longer by water only, and the City of Brooklyn’s ties to the City of New York were strengthened. The question became whether Brooklyn was prepared to engage in the still-grander process of consolidation then developing throughout the region, whether to join with the county of New York, the county of Richmond and the western portion of Queens County to form the five boroughs of a united City of New York. Andrew Haswell Green and other progressives said yes, and eventually, they prevailed against the Daily Eagle and other conservative forces. In 1894, residents of Brooklyn and the other counties voted by a slight majority to merge, effective in 1898. Kings County retained its status as one of New York State’s counties, but the loss of Brooklyn’s separate identity as a city was met with consternation by some residents at the time. Many newspapers of the day called the merger the “Great Mistake of 1898″, and the phrase still denotes Brooklyn pride among old-time Brooklynites. Location of Brooklyn (red) within New York City (remainder white). Brooklyn is 97 square miles (250 km2) in area, of which 71 square miles (180 km2) is land (73%), and 26 square miles (67 km2) is water (27%); the borough is the second-largest by land area among the New York City’s boroughs. However, Kings County, coterminous with Brooklyn, is New York State’s fourth-smallest county by land area and third-smallest by total area. [9] Brooklyn lies at the southwestern end of Long Island, and the borough’s western border constitutes the island’s western tip. Brooklyn’s water borders are extensive and varied, including Jamaica Bay; the Atlantic Ocean; The Narrows, separating Brooklyn from the borough of Staten Island in New York City and crossed by the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge; Upper New York Bay, separating Brooklyn from Jersey City and Bayonne in the U. State of New Jersey; and the East River, separating Brooklyn from the borough of Manhattan in New York City and traversed by the Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel, the Brooklyn Bridge, the Manhattan Bridge, the Williamsburg Bridge, and numerous routes of the New York City Subway. To the east of Brooklyn lies the borough of Queens, which contains John F. Kennedy International Airport in that borough’s Jamaica neighborhood, approximately two miles from the border of Brooklyn’s East New York neighborhood. The Downtown Brooklyn skyline, the Manhattan Bridge (far left), and the Brooklyn Bridge (near left) are seen across the East River from Lower Manhattan at sunset in 2013. Under the Köppen climate classification, using the 32 °F (0 °C) coldest month (January) isotherm, Brooklyn experiences a humid subtropical climate (Cfa), [40] with partial shielding from the Appalachian Mountains and moderating influences from the Atlantic Ocean. Brooklyn receives plentiful precipitation all year round, with nearly 50 in (1,300 mm) yearly. The area averages 234 days with at least some sunshine annually, and averages 57% of possible sunshine annually, accumulating 2,535 hours of sunshine per annum. [41] Brooklyn lies in the USDA 7b plant hardiness zone. Main article: Demographics of Brooklyn. Brooklyn has been New York City’s most populous borough since the mid-1920s. Key: Each borough’s historical population in millions. The Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, Staten Island. New York City’s five boroughsvte. City of New York. Sources:[54][55][56] and see individual borough articles. African American (Does not include West Indian or African). West Indian American (Except Hispanic Groups). East Asian American Includes Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese, etc. English American (Includes “American” ancestry). Russian and Eastern European Includes Russian, Ukrainian, Soviet Union, etc. Central European Includes Slovakian, Slovenian, Slavic, Czech, etc. South American Includes Peruvian, Ecuadorian, Argentinian, etc. Sub-Saharan African Includes Ethiopian, Nigerian, etc. Central American Includes Honduran, Salvadoran, Costa Rican, etc. The United States Census Bureau has estimated Brooklyn’s population has increased 2.2% to 2,559,903 between 2010 and 2019. Brooklyn’s estimated population represented 30.7% of New York City’s estimated population of 8,336,817; 33.5% of Long Island’s population of 7,701,172; and 13.2% of New York State’s population of 19,542,209. Haredi Jewish residents in Brooklyn, home to the largest Jewish community in the United States, with approximately 600,000 individuals. About 23% of the borough’s population in 2011 was Jewish. According to the 2010 United States Census, Brooklyn’s population was 42.8% White, including 35.7% non-Hispanic White; 34.3% Black, including 31.9% non-Hispanic black; 10.5% Asian; 0.5% Native American; 0.0% (rounded) Pacific Islander; 3.0% Multiracial American; and 8.8% from Other races. Hispanics and Latinos made up 19.8% of Brooklyn’s population. Celebrating Chinese New Year in “Little Fuzhou”, one of several Chinatowns in Brooklyn, in Sunset Park. Brooklyn’s rapidly growing Chinese American population was estimated to have surpassed 200,000 in 2014. In 2010, Brooklyn had some neighborhoods segregated based on race, ethnicity, and religion. Overall, the southwest half of Brooklyn is racially mixed although it contains few black residents; the northeast section is mostly black and Hispanic/Latino. According to the 2018 U. Census Bureau estimates, there are 2,582,830 people (up from 2.3 million in 1990), and 994,650 households, with 2.75 persons per household. The population density was 35,369/square mile. In Brooklyn, the population was spread out to 7.2% under 5, 15.6% between 6-18, 63.3% 19-64, and 13.9% 65 and older. 52.6% of the population is female. 36.9% of the population are foreign born. Brooklyn’s lesbian community is the largest out of all of the New York City boroughs. 19.8% of the population lives below the poverty line. 606,738 people were employed. Black or African American. Hispanic or Latino (of any race). Brooklyn has a high degree of linguistic diversity. As of 2010, 54.1% (1,240,416) of Brooklyn residents ages 5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language, while 17.2% (393,340) spoke Spanish, 6.5% (148,012) Chinese, 5.3% (121,607) Russian, 3.5% (79,469) Yiddish, 2.8% (63,019) French Creole, 1.4% (31,004) Italian, 1.2% (27,440) Hebrew, 1.0% (23,207) Polish, 1.0% (22,763) French, 1.0% (21,773) Arabic, 0.9% (19,388) various Indic languages, 0.7% (15,936) Urdu, and African languages were spoken as a main language by 0.5% (12,305) of the population over the age of five. In total, 45.9% (1,051,456) of Brooklyn’s population ages 5 and older spoke a mother language other than English. See also: List of Brooklyn neighborhoods and New York City ethnic enclaves. Landmark 19th-century rowhouses on tree-lined Kent Street in Greenpoint Historic District. 150-159 Willow Street, three original red-brick early 19th-century Federal Style houses in Brooklyn Heights. Middagh Street, Brooklyn Heights. Brooklyn’s neighborhoods are dynamic in ethnic composition. For example, the early to mid-20th century, Brownsville had a majority of Jewish residents; since the 1970s it has been majority African American. Midwood during the early 20th century was filled with ethnic Irish, then filled with Jewish residents for nearly 50 years, and is slowly becoming a Pakistani enclave. Brooklyn’s most populous racial group, white, declined from 97.2% in 1930 to 46.9% by 1990. The borough attracts people previously living in other cities in the United States. Of these, most come from Chicago, Detroit, San Francisco, Washington, D. Baltimore, Philadelphia, Boston, Cincinnati, and Seattle. [70][71][72][73][74][75][76]. Imatra Society, consisting of Finnish immigrants, celebrating its summer festival in Fort Hamilton, Brooklyn in 1894. Given New York City’s role as a crossroads for immigration from around the world, Brooklyn has evolved a globally cosmopolitan ambiance of its own, demonstrating a robust and growing demographic and cultural diversity with respect to metrics including nationality, religion, race, and domiciliary partnership. In 2010, 51.6% of the population was counted as members of religious congregations. [77] In 2014, there were 914 religious organizations in Brooklyn, the 10th most of all counties in the nation. [78] Brooklyn contains dozens of distinct neighborhoods representing many of the major culturally identified groups found within New York City. Among the most prominent are listed below. Main article: Jews in New York City. Over 600,000 Jews, particularly Orthodox and Hasidic Jews, have become concentrated in Borough Park, Williamsburg, and Midwood, where there are many yeshivas, synagogues, and kosher restaurants, as well as many other Jewish businesses. Other notable religious Jewish neighborhoods are Kensington, Canarsie, Sea Gate, and Crown Heights (home to the Chabad world headquarters). Many hospitals in Brooklyn were started by Jewish charities, including Maimonides Medical Center in Borough Park and Brookdale Hospital in Brownsville. [79][80] Many non-Orthodox Jews (ranging from observant members of various denominations to atheists of Jewish cultural heritage) are concentrated in Ditmas Park and Park Slope, with smaller observant and culturally Jewish populations in Brooklyn Heights, Cobble Hill, Brighton Beach, and Coney Island. Main articles: Chinatowns in Brooklyn and Chinese Americans in New York City. Over 200,000 Chinese Americans live throughout the southern parts of Brooklyn, primarily concentrated in Sunset Park, Bensonhurst, Gravesend and Homecrest. The largest concentration is in Sunset Park along 8th Avenue, which has become known for its Chinese culture since the opening of the now-defunct Winley Supermarket in 1986 spurred initial settlement in the area. It is called “Brooklyn’s Chinatown” and its Chinese population is composed in majority by Fuzhounese Americans, rendering this Chinatown with the nicknames “Fuzhou Town , Brooklyn” or the “Little Fuzhou ” of Brooklyn. Many Chinese restaurants can be found throughout Sunset Park, and the area hosts a popular Chinese New Year celebration. Caribbean and African American. Main article: Caribbeans in New York City. Brooklyn’s African American and Caribbean communities are spread throughout much of Brooklyn. Brooklyn’s West Indian community is concentrated in the Crown Heights, Flatbush, East Flatbush, Kensington, and Canarsie neighborhoods in central Brooklyn. Brooklyn is home to the largest community of West Indians outside of the Caribbean. Although the largest West Indian groups in Brooklyn are Jamaicans, Guyanese, and Haitians, there are West Indian immigrants from nearly every part of the Caribbean. Crown Heights and Flatbush are home to many of Brooklyn’s West Indian restaurants and bakeries. Brooklyn has an annual, celebrated Carnival in the tradition of pre-Lenten celebrations in the islands. [81] Started by natives of Trinidad and Tobago, the West Indian Labor Day Parade takes place every Labor Day on Eastern Parkway. The Brooklyn Academy of Music also holds the DanceAfrica festival in late May, featuring street vendors and dance performances showcasing food and culture from all parts of Africa. [82][83] Bedford-Stuyvesant is home to one of the most famous African American communities in the city, along with Brownsville, East New York, and Coney Island. Further information: Puerto Rican migration to New York City and Nuyorican. Bushwick is the largest hub of Brooklyn’s Latino American community. Like other Latino neighborhoods in New York City, Bushwick has an established Puerto Rican presence, along with an influx of many Dominicans, South Americans, Central Americans, Mexicans, as well as a more recent influx of Puerto Ricans. As nearly 80% of Bushwick’s population is Latino, its residents have created many businesses to support their various national and distinct traditions in food and other items. Sunset Park’s population is 42% Latino, made up of these various ethnic groups. Brooklyn’s main Latino groups are Puerto Ricans, Mexicans, Dominicans, and Panamanians; they are spread out throughout the borough. Puerto Ricans and Dominicans are predominant in Bushwick, Williamsburg’s South Side and East New York. Mexicans now predominate alongside Chinese immigrants in Sunset Park, although remnants of the neighborhood’s once-substantial postwar Puerto Rican and Dominican communities continue to reside below 39th Street. A Panamanian enclave exists in Crown Heights. Russian and Ukrainian American. Main article: Russian Americans in New York City. Brooklyn is also home to many Russians and Ukrainians, who are mainly concentrated in the areas of Brighton Beach and Sheepshead Bay. Brighton Beach features many Russian and Ukrainian businesses and has been nicknamed Little Russia and Little Odessa, respectively. Originally these communities were mostly Jewish; however, in more recent years, the non-Jewish Russian and Ukrainian communities of Brighton Beach have grown, and the area now reflects diverse aspects of Russian and Ukrainian culture. Smaller concentrations of Russian and Ukrainian Americans are scattered elsewhere in southern Brooklyn, including Bay Ridge, Bensonhurst, Coney Island and Mill Basin. Brooklyn’s Polish are historically concentrated in Greenpoint, home to Little Poland. Other longstanding settlements in Borough Park and Sunset Park have endured, while more recent immigrants are scattered throughout the southern parts of Brooklyn alongside the Russian American community. Main article: Italians in New York City. Despite widespread migration to Staten Island and more suburban areas in metropolitan New York throughout the postwar era, notable concentrations of Italian Americans continue to reside in the neighborhoods of Bensonhurst, Dyker Heights, Bay Ridge, Bath Beach and Gravesend. Less perceptible remnants of older communities have persisted in Cobble Hill and Carroll Gardens, where the homes of the remaining Italian Americans can often be contrasted with more recent upper middle class residents through the display of small Madonna statues, the retention of plastic-metal stoop awnings and the use of Formstone in house cladding. All of the aforementioned neighborhoods have retained Italian restaurants, bakeries, delicatessens, pizzerias, cafes and social clubs. Today, Arab Americans and Pakistani Americans along with other Muslim communities have moved into the southwest portion of Brooklyn, particularly to Bay Ridge, where there are many Middle Eastern restaurants, hookah lounges, halal shops, Islamic shops, and mosques. Elsewhere, Coney Island Avenue is home to Little Pakistan, while Church Avenue is the center of a Bangladeshi community. Pakistani Independence Day is celebrated every year with parades and parties on Coney Island Avenue. Earlier, the area was known predominantly for its Irish, Norwegian, and Scottish populations. Beginning in the early 20th century, Syrian and Lebanese businesses, mosques, and restaurants were concentrated on Atlantic Avenue west of Flatbush Avenue in Boerum Hill; more recently, this area has evolved into a Yemeni commercial district. Third-, fourth- and fifth-generation Irish Americans can be found throughout Brooklyn, with moderate concentrations[clarification needed] enduring in the neighborhoods of Windsor Terrace, Park Slope, Bay Ridge, Marine Park and Gerritsen Beach. Historical communities also existed in Vinegar Hill and other waterfront industrial neighborhoods, such as Greenpoint and Sunset Park. Paralleling the Italian American community, many moved to Staten Island and suburban areas in the postwar era. Those that stayed engendered close-knit, stable working-to-middle class communities through employment in the civil service (especially in law enforcement, transportation, and the New York City Fire Department) and the building and construction trades, while others were subsumed by the professional-managerial class and largely shed the Irish American community’s distinct cultural traditions (including continued worship in the Catholic Church and other social activities, such as Irish stepdance and frequenting Irish American bars). Brooklyn’s Greek Americans live throughout the borough, especially in Bay Ridge and adjacent areas where there is a noticeable cluster of Hellenic-focused schools and cultural institutions, with many businesses concentrated there and in Downtown Brooklyn near Atlantic Avenue. Greek-owned diners are also found throughout the borough. Brooklyn is home to a large and growing number of same-sex couples. Same-sex marriages in New York were legalized on June 24, 2011 and were authorized to take place beginning 30 days thereafter. [84] The Park Slope neighborhood spearheaded the popularity of Brooklyn among lesbians, and Prospect Heights has an LGBT residential presence. [85] Numerous neighborhoods have since become home to LGBT communities. Brooklyn Liberation March, the largest transgender-rights demonstration in LGBTQ history, took place on June 14, 2020 stretching from Grand Army Plaza to Fort Greene, focused on supporting Black transgender lives, drawing an estimated 15,000 to 20,000 participants. Brooklyn became a preferred site for artists and hipsters to set up live/work spaces after being priced out of the same types of living arrangements in Manhattan. Various neighborhoods in Brooklyn, including Williamsburg, DUMBO, Red Hook, and Park Slope evolved as popular neighborhoods for artists-in-residence. However, rents and costs of living have since increased dramatically in these same neighborhoods, forcing artists to move to somewhat less expensive neighborhoods in Brooklyn or across Upper New York Bay to locales in New Jersey, such as Jersey City or Hoboken. See also: Government and politics in Brooklyn. Since consolidation with New York City in 1898, Brooklyn has been governed by the New York City Charter that provides for a “strong” mayor-council system. The centralized government of New York City is responsible for public education, correctional institutions, public safety, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply, and welfare services. On the other hand, the Brooklyn Public Library is an independent nonprofit organization partially funded by the government of New York City, but also by the government of New York State, the U. Federal government, and private donors. The office of Borough President was created in the consolidation of 1898 to balance centralization with the local authority. Each borough president had a powerful administrative role derived from having a vote on the New York City Board of Estimate, which was responsible for creating and approving the city’s budget and proposals for land use. In 1989, the Supreme Court of the United States declared the Board of Estimate unconstitutional because Brooklyn, the most populous borough, had no greater effective representation on the Board than Staten Island, the least populous borough; it was a violation of the high court’s 1964 “one man, one vote” reading of the Fourteenth Amendment. Since 1990, the Borough President has acted as an advocate for the borough at the mayoral agencies, the City Council, the New York state government, and corporations. Brooklyn’s current Borough President is Eric Adams, elected as a Democrat in November 2013 with 90.8% of the vote. Adams replaced popular Borough President Marty Markowitz, also a Democrat, who partially used his office to promote tourism and new development for Brooklyn. Democrats hold most public offices, and the borough is very liberal. As of November 2017, 89.1% of registered voters in Brooklyn were Democrats. [90] Party platforms center on affordable housing, education and economic development. Pockets of Republican influence exist in Gravesend, Bensonhurst, Bay Ridge, Dyker Heights and Midwood. Each of the city’s five counties (coterminous with each borough) has its own criminal court system and District Attorney, the chief public prosecutor who is directly elected by popular vote. The District Attorney of Kings County is Eric Gonzalez, who replaced Democrat Kenneth P. Thompson following his death in October 2016. [91] Brooklyn has 16 City Council members, the largest number of any of the five boroughs. Brooklyn has 18 of the city’s 59 community districts, each served by an unpaid Community Board with advisory powers under the city’s Uniform Land Use Review Procedure. Each board has a paid district manager who acts as an interlocutor with city agencies. As is the case with sister boroughs Manhattan and the Bronx, Brooklyn has not voted for a Republican in a national presidential election since Calvin Coolidge in 1924. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 79.4% of the vote in Brooklyn while Republican John McCain received 20.0%. In 2012, Barack Obama increased his Democratic margin of victory in the borough, dominating Brooklyn with 82.0% of the vote to Republican Mitt Romney’s 16.9%. In 2020, four Democrats and one Republican represented Brooklyn in the United States House of Representatives. One congressional district lies entirely within the borough. Nydia Velázquez (first elected in 1992) represents New York’s 7th congressional district, which includes the central-west Brooklyn neighborhoods of Brooklyn Heights, Boerum Hill, Bushwick, Carroll Gardens, Cobble Hill, Dumbo, East New York, East Williamsburg, Greenpoint, Gowanus, Red Hook, Sunset Park, and Williamsburg. The district also covers a small portion of Queens. Hakeem Jeffries (first elected in 2012) represents New York’s 8th congressional district, which includes the southern Brooklyn neighborhoods of Bedford-Stuyvesant, Bergen Beach, Brighton Beach, Brownsville, Brighton Beach, Canarsie, Clinton Hill, Coney Island, East Flatbush, East New York, Fort Greene, Gerritsen Beach, Marine Park, Mill Basin, Ocean Hill, Sheepshead Bay, and Spring Creek. Yvette Clarke (first elected in 2006) represents New York’s 9th congressional district, which includes the central and southern Brooklyn neighborhoods of Crown Heights, East Flatbush, Flatbush, Midwood, Park Slope, Prospect Heights, Prospect Lefferts Gardens, and Windsor Terrace. Jerrold Nadler (first elected in 1992) represents New York’s 10th congressional district, which includes the southwestern Brooklyn neighborhoods of Midwood, Red Hook, Sunset Park, Bensonhurst, Borough Park, Gravesend, Kensington, and Mapleton. The district also covers the West Side of Manhattan. Nicole Malliotakis (first elected in 2020) represents New York’s 11th congressional district, which includes the southwestern Brooklyn neighborhoods of Bensonhurst, Gravesend, Bath Beach, Bay Ridge, and Dyker Heights. The district also covers all of Staten Island. See also: Economy of New York City. Ambox current red Asia Australia. This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. The USS North Carolina, launched at Brooklyn Navy Yard, June 1940. Newer buildings near East River State Park. Brooklyn’s job market is driven by three main factors: the performance of the national and city economy, population flows and the borough’s position as a convenient back office for New York’s businesses. Forty-four percent of Brooklyn’s employed population, or 410,000 people, work in the borough; more than half of the borough’s residents work outside its boundaries. As a result, economic conditions in Manhattan are important to the borough’s jobseekers. Strong international immigration to Brooklyn generates jobs in services, retailing and construction. Since the late 20th century, Brooklyn has benefited from a steady influx of financial back office operations from Manhattan, the rapid growth of a high-tech and entertainment economy in DUMBO, and strong growth in support services such as accounting, personal supply agencies, and computer services firms. Jobs in the borough have traditionally been concentrated in manufacturing, but since 1975, Brooklyn has shifted from a manufacturing-based to a service-based economy. In 2004, 215,000 Brooklyn residents worked in the services sector, while 27,500 worked in manufacturing. Although manufacturing has declined, a substantial base has remained in apparel and niche manufacturing concerns such as furniture, fabricated metals, and food products. [94] The pharmaceutical company Pfizer was founded in Brooklyn in 1869 and had a manufacturing plant in the borough for many years that employed thousands of workers, but the plant shut down in 2008. However, new light-manufacturing concerns packaging organic and high-end food have sprung up in the old plant. First established as a shipbuilding facility in 1801, the Brooklyn Navy Yard employed 70,000 people at its peak during World War II and was then the largest employer in the borough. The iron-sided Civil War vessel the Monitor was built in Greenpoint. From 1968 to 1979 Seatrain Shipbuilding was the major employer. [96] Later tenants include industrial design firms, food processing businesses, artisans, and the film and television production industry. About 230 private-sector firms providing 4,000 jobs are at the Yard. Construction and services are the fastest growing sectors. [97] Most employers in Brooklyn are small businesses. In 2000, 91% of the approximately 38,704 business establishments in Brooklyn had fewer than 20 employees. [98] As of August 2008, the borough’s unemployment rate was 5.9%. Brooklyn is also home to many banks and credit unions. Brooklyn is also attracting numerous high technology start-up companies, as Silicon Alley, the metonym for New York City’s entrepreneurship ecosystem, has expanded from Lower Manhattan into Brooklyn. See also: Culture of New York City and Media of New York City. The Brooklyn Museum on Eastern Parkway. The Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Arch at Grand Army Plaza. Main article: Culture of Brooklyn. Brooklyn has played a major role in various aspects of American culture including literature, cinema, and theater. The Brooklyn accent has often been portrayed as the “typical New York accent” in American media, although this accent and stereotype are supposedly fading out. [103] Brooklyn’s official colors are blue and gold. Brooklyn hosts the world-renowned Brooklyn Academy of Music, the Brooklyn Philharmonic, and the second-largest public art collection in the United States, housed in the Brooklyn Museum. The Brooklyn Museum, opened in 1897, is New York City’s second-largest public art museum. It has in its permanent collection more than 1.5 million objects, from ancient Egyptian masterpieces to contemporary art. The Brooklyn Children’s Museum, the world’s first museum dedicated to children, opened in December 1899. The only such New York State institution accredited by the American Alliance of Museums, it is one of the few globally to have a permanent collection – over 30,000 cultural objects and natural history specimens. The Brooklyn Academy of Music (BAM) includes a 2,109-seat opera house, an 874-seat theater, and the art-house BAM Rose Cinemas. Ann’s Warehouse are on the other side of Downtown Brooklyn in the DUMBO arts district. Brooklyn Technical High School has the second-largest auditorium in New York City (after Radio City Music Hall), with a seating capacity of over 3,000. Brooklyn has several local newspapers: The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, Bay Currents (Oceanfront Brooklyn), Brooklyn View, The Brooklyn Paper, and Courier-Life Publications. Courier-Life Publications, owned by Rupert Murdoch’s News Corporation, is Brooklyn’s largest chain of newspapers. Brooklyn is also served by the major New York dailies, including The New York Times, the New York Daily News, and the New York Post. The borough is home to the arts and politics monthly Brooklyn Rail, as well as the arts and cultural quarterly Cabinet. Is also published in Brooklyn. Brooklyn Magazine is one of the few glossy magazines about Brooklyn. Several others are now defunct, including BKLYN Magazine (a bimonthly lifestyle book owned by Joseph McCarthy, that saw itself as a vehicle for high-end advertisers in Manhattan and was mailed to 80,000 high-income households), Brooklyn Bridge Magazine, The Brooklynite (a free, glossy quarterly edited by Daniel Treiman), and NRG (edited by Gail Johnson and originally marketed as a local periodical for Clinton Hill and Fort Greene, but expanded in scope to become the self-proclaimed “Pulse of Brooklyn” and then the “Pulse of New York”). Brooklyn has a thriving ethnic press. El Diario La Prensa, the largest and oldest Spanish-language daily newspaper in the United States, maintains its corporate headquarters at 1 MetroTech Center in downtown Brooklyn. [107] Major ethnic publications include the Brooklyn-Queens Catholic paper The Tablet, Hamodia, an Orthodox Jewish daily and The Jewish Press, an Orthodox Jewish weekly. Many nationally distributed ethnic newspapers are based in Brooklyn. Over 60 ethnic groups, writing in 42 languages, publish some 300 non-English language magazines and newspapers in New York City. Among them is the quarterly “L’Idea”, a bilingual magazine printed in Italian and English since 1974. In addition, many newspapers published abroad, such as The Daily Gleaner and The Star of Jamaica, are available in Brooklyn. [citation needed] Our Time Press published weekly by DBG Media covers the Village of Brooklyn with a motto of “The Local paper with the Global-View”. The City of New York has an official television station, run by NYC Media, which features programming based in Brooklyn. Brooklyn Community Access Television is the borough’s public access channel. [108] Its studios are at the BRIC Arts Media venue, called BRIC House, located on Fulton Street in the Fort Greene section of the borough. The annual Coney Island Mermaid Parade (mid-to-late June) is a costume-and-float parade. Coney Island also hosts the annual Nathan’s Hot Dog Eating Contest (July 4). The annual Labor Day Carnival (also known as the Labor Day Parade or West Indian Day Parade) takes place along Eastern Parkway in Crown Heights. The Art of Brooklyn Film Festival runs annually around the second week of June. Parks and other attractions. See also: Tourism in New York City. Kwanzan Cherries in bloom at Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Astroland in Coney Island. Brooklyn Botanic Garden: adjacent to Prospect Park is the 52-acre (21 ha) botanical garden, which includes a cherry tree esplanade, a one-acre (0.4 ha) rose garden, a Japanese hill, and pond garden, a fragrance garden, a water lily pond esplanade, several conservatories, a rock garden, a native flora garden, a bonsai tree collection, and children’s gardens and discovery exhibits. Coney Island developed as a playground for the rich in the early 1900s, but it grew as one of America’s first amusement grounds and attracted crowds from all over New York. The Cyclone rollercoaster, built-in 1927, is on the National Register of Historic Places. The 1920 Wonder Wheel and other rides are still operational. Coney Island went into decline in the 1970s but has undergone a renaissance. Floyd Bennett Field: the first municipal airport in New York City and long-closed for operations, is now part of the National Park System. Many of the historic hangars and runways are still extant. Nature trails and diverse habitats are found within the park, including salt marsh and a restored area of shortgrass prairie that was once widespread on the Hempstead Plains. Green-Wood Cemetery, founded by the social reformer Henry Evelyn Pierrepont in 1838, is an early Rural cemetery. It is the burial ground of many notable New Yorkers. Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge: a unique Federal wildlife refuge straddling the Brooklyn-Queens border, part of Gateway National Recreation Area. New York Transit Museum displays historical artifacts of Greater New York’s subway, commuter rail, and bus systems; it is at Court Street, a former Independent Subway System station in Brooklyn Heights on the Fulton Street Line. Prospect Park is a public park in central Brooklyn encompassing 585 acres (2.37 km2). [113] The park was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux, who created Manhattan’s Central Park. Attractions include the Long Meadow, a 90-acre (36 ha) meadow, the Picnic House, which houses offices and a hall that can accommodate parties with up to 175 guests; Litchfield Villa, Prospect Park Zoo, the Boathouse, housing a visitors center and the first urban Audubon Center;[114] Brooklyn’s only lake, covering 60 acres (24 ha); the Prospect Park Bandshell that hosts free outdoor concerts in the summertime; and various sports and fitness activities including seven baseball fields. Prospect Park hosts a popular annual Halloween Parade. Fort Greene Park is a public park in the Fort Greene Neighborhood. Main article: Sports in Brooklyn. Barclays Center in Pacific Park within Prospect Heights, home of the Nets and Liberty. Brooklyn’s major professional sports team is the NBA’s Brooklyn Nets. The Nets moved into the borough in 2012, and play their home games at Barclays Center in Prospect Heights. Previously, the Nets had played in Uniondale, New York and in New Jersey. Barclays Center was also the home arena for the NHL’s New York Islanders full-time from 2015 to 2018, then part-time from 2018 to 2020 (alternating with Nassau Coliseum in Uniondale). The Islanders had originally played at Nassau Coliseum full-time since their inception until 2015, when their lease at the venue expired and the team moved to Barclays Center. In 2020, the team will return to Nassau Coliseum full-time for one season before moving to their new permanent home at Belmont Park in 2021. Brooklyn also has a storied sports history. It has been home to many famous sports figures such as Joe Paterno, Vince Lombardi, Mike Tyson, Joe Torre, Sandy Koufax, Billy Cunningham and Vitas Gerulaitis. Basketball legend Michael Jordan was born in Brooklyn though he grew up in Wilmington, North Carolina. In the earliest days of organized baseball, Brooklyn teams dominated the new game. The second recorded game of baseball was played near what is today Fort Greene Park on October 24, 1845. Brooklyn’s Excelsiors, Atlantics and Eckfords were the leading teams from the mid-1850s through the Civil War, and there were dozens of local teams with neighborhood league play, such as at Mapleton Oval. [115] During this “Brooklyn era”, baseball evolved into the modern game: the first fastball, first changeup, first batting average, first triple play, first pro baseball player, first enclosed ballpark, first scorecard, first known African-American team, first black championship game, first road trip, first gambling scandal, and first eight pennant winners were all in or from Brooklyn. Brooklyn’s most famous historical team, the Brooklyn Dodgers, named for “trolley dodgers” played at Ebbets Field. [117] In 1947 Jackie Robinson was hired by the Dodgers as the first African-American player in Major League Baseball in the modern era. In 1955, the Dodgers, perennial National League pennant winners, won the only World Series for Brooklyn against their rival New York Yankees. The event was marked by mass euphoria and celebrations. Just two years later, the Dodgers moved to Los Angeles. Walter O’Malley, the team’s owner at the time, is still vilified, even by Brooklynites too young to remember the Dodgers as Brooklyn’s ball club. They are an affiliate of the New York Mets. The New York Cosmos of the NASL began playing at MCU Park in 2017. Brooklyn once had a National Football League team named the Brooklyn Lions in 1926, who played at Ebbets Field. Rugby United New York joined Major League Rugby in 2019, and play their home games at MCU Park. Brooklyn has one of the most active recreational fishing fleets in the United States. In addition to a large private fleet along Jamaica Bay, there is a substantial public fleet within Sheepshead Bay. Species caught include Black Fish, Porgy, Striped Bass, Black Sea Bass, Fluke, and Flounder. See also: Transportation in New York City. About 57 percent of all households in Brooklyn were households without automobiles. The citywide rate is 55 percent in New York City. Coney Island – Stillwell Avenue subway station. Atlantic Terminal is a major hub in Brooklyn. Brooklyn features extensive public transit. Nineteen New York City Subway services, including the Franklin Avenue Shuttle, traverse the borough. Approximately 92.8% of Brooklyn residents traveling to Manhattan use the subway, despite the fact some neighborhoods like Flatlands and Marine Park are poorly served by subway service. Major stations, out of the 170 currently in Brooklyn, include. Atlantic Avenue – Barclays Center. Jay Street – MetroTech. Coney Island – Stillwell Avenue[124]. Proposed New York City Subway lines never built include a line along Nostrand or Utica Avenues to Marine Park, [125] as well as a subway line to Spring Creek. Brooklyn was once served by an extensive network of streetcars, but many were replaced by the public bus network that covers the entire borough. There is also daily express bus service into Manhattan. [128] New York’s famous yellow cabs also provide transportation in Brooklyn, although they are less numerous in the borough. There are three commuter rail stations in Brooklyn: East New York, Nostrand Avenue, and Atlantic Terminal, the terminus of the Atlantic Branch of the Long Island Rail Road. The terminal is near the Atlantic Avenue – Barclays Center subway station, with ten connecting subway services. In February 2015, Mayor Bill de Blasio announced that the city government would begin a citywide ferry service called NYC Ferry to extend ferry transportation to communities in the city that have been traditionally underserved by public transit. [129][130] The ferry opened in May 2017, [131][132] with the Bay Ridge ferry serving southwestern Brooklyn and the East River Ferry serving northwestern Brooklyn. A third route, the Rockaway ferry, makes one stop in the borough at Brooklyn Army Terminal. A streetcar line, the Brooklyn-Queens Connector, was proposed by the city in February 2016, [134] with the planned timeline calling for service to begin around 2024. See also: Brooklyn streets and List of lettered Brooklyn avenues. View of Eastern Parkway looking toward the Brooklyn Museum, cellulose nitrate negative photograph by Eugene Wemlinger c. The Marine Parkway Bridge. Williamsburg Bridge, as seen from Wallabout Bay with Greenpoint and Long Island City in background. Most of the limited-access expressways and parkways are in the western and southern sections of Brooklyn, where the borough’s two interstate highways are located; Interstate 278, which uses the Gowanus Expressway and the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway, traverses Sunset Park and Brooklyn Heights, while Interstate 478 is an unsigned route designation for the Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel, which connects to Manhattan. [136] Other prominent roadways are the Prospect Expressway (New York State Route 27), the Belt Parkway, and the Jackie Robinson Parkway (formerly the Interborough Parkway). Planned expressways that were never built include the Bushwick Expressway, an extension of I-78[137] and the Cross-Brooklyn Expressway, I-878. [138] Major thoroughfares include Atlantic Avenue, Fourth Avenue, 86th Street, Kings Highway, Bay Parkway, Ocean Parkway, Eastern Parkway, Linden Boulevard, McGuinness Boulevard, Flatbush Avenue, Pennsylvania Avenue, and Nostrand Avenue. Much of Brooklyn has only named streets, but Park Slope, Bay Ridge, Sunset Park, Bensonhurst, and Borough Park and the other western sections have numbered streets running approximately northwest to southeast, and numbered avenues going approximately northeast to southwest. East of Dahill Road, lettered avenues (like Avenue M) run east and west, and numbered streets have the prefix “East”. South of Avenue O, related numbered streets west of Dahill Road use the “West” designation. This set of numbered streets ranges from West 37th Street to East 108 Street, and the avenues range from A-Z with names substituted for some of them in some neighborhoods (notably Albemarle, Beverley, Cortelyou, Dorchester, Ditmas, Foster, Farragut, Glenwood, Quentin). Numbered streets prefixed by “North” and “South” in Williamsburg, and “Bay”, “Beach”, “Brighton”, “Plumb”, “Paerdegat” or “Flatlands” along the southern and southwestern waterfront are loosely based on the old grids of the original towns of Kings County that eventually consolidated to form Brooklyn. These names often reflect the bodies of water or beaches around them, such as Plumb Beach or Paerdegat Basin. Brooklyn is connected to Manhattan by three bridges, the Brooklyn, Manhattan, and Williamsburg Bridges; a vehicular tunnel, the Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel also known as the Hugh L. Carey Tunnel; and several subway tunnels. The Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge links Brooklyn with the more suburban borough of Staten Island. Though much of its border is on land, Brooklyn shares several water crossings with Queens, including the Pulaski Bridge, the Greenpoint Avenue Bridge, the Kosciuszko Bridge (part of the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway), and the Grand Street Bridge, all of which carry traffic over Newtown Creek, and the Marine Parkway Bridge connecting Brooklyn to the Rockaway Peninsula. The Queen Mary 2, one of the world’s largest ocean liners, was designed specifically to fit under the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge, the longest suspension bridge in the United States. She makes regular ports of call at the Red Hook terminal on her transatlantic crossings from Southampton, England. In February 2015, Mayor Bill de Blasio announced that the city government would begin NYC Ferry to extend ferry transportation to traditionally underserved communities in the city. [129][130] The ferry opened in May 2017, [131][132] offering commuter services from the western shore of Brooklyn to Manhattan via three routes. The East River Ferry serves points in Lower Manhattan, Midtown, Long Island City, and northwestern Brooklyn via its East River route. The South Brooklyn and Rockaway routes serve southwestern Brooklyn before terminating in lower Manhattan. Ferries to Coney Island are also planned. [133] NY Waterway offers tours and charters. SeaStreak also offers a weekday ferry service between the Brooklyn Army Terminal and the Manhattan ferry slips at Pier 11/Wall Street downtown and East 34th Street Ferry Landing in midtown. Manhattan Bridge seen from Brooklyn Bridge Park. See also: Education in New York City and List of high schools in New York City. Brooklyn Tech as seen from Ashland Place in Fort Greene. The Brooklyn College library, part of the original campus laid out by Randolph Evans, now known as “East Quad”. Brooklyn Law School’s 1994 new classical “Fell Hall” tower, by architect Robert A. NYU Tandon Wunsch Building. Francis College Administration Building. Education in Brooklyn is provided by a vast number of public and private institutions. Public schools in the borough are managed by the New York City Department of Education, the largest public school system. Brooklyn Technical High School (commonly called Brooklyn Tech), a New York City public high school, is the largest specialized high school for science, mathematics, and technology in the United States. [139] Brooklyn Tech opened in 1922. Brooklyn Tech is across the street from Fort Greene Park. It covers about half of a city block. [140] Brooklyn Tech is noted for its famous alumni[141] (including two Nobel Laureates), its academics, and a large number of graduates attending prestigious universities. Brooklyn College is a senior college of the City University of New York, and was the first public coeducational liberal arts college in New York City. The College ranked in the top 10 nationally for the second consecutive year in Princeton Review’s 2006 guidebook, America’s Best Value Colleges. Many of its students are first and second-generation Americans. Founded in 1970, Medgar Evers College is a senior college of the City University of New York, with a mission to develop and maintain high quality, professional, career-oriented undergraduate degree programs in the context of a liberal arts education. The college offers programs at the baccalaureate and associate degree levels, as well as adult and continuing education classes for central Brooklyn residents, corporations, government agencies, and community organizations. Medgar Evers College is a few blocks east of Prospect Park in Crown Heights. CUNY’s New York City College of Technology (City Tech) of The City University of New York (CUNY) (Downtown Brooklyn/Brooklyn Heights) is the largest public college of technology in New York State and a national model for technological education. Established in 1946, City Tech can trace its roots to 1881 when the Technical Schools of the Metropolitan Museum of Art were renamed the New York Trade School. That institution-which became the Voorhees Technical Institute many decades later-was soon a model for the development of technical and vocational schools worldwide. In 1971, Voorhees was incorporated into City Tech. SUNY Downstate College of Medicine, founded as the Long Island College Hospital in 1860, is the oldest hospital-based medical school in the United States. The Medical Center comprises the College of Medicine, College of Health Related Professions, College of Nursing, School of Public Health, School of Graduate Studies, and University Hospital of Brooklyn. The Nobel Prize winner Robert F. Furchgott was a member of its faculty. Half of the Medical Center’s students are minorities or immigrants. The College of Medicine has the highest percentage of minority students of any medical school in New York State. Brooklyn Law School was founded in 1901 and is notable for its diverse student body. Women and African Americans were enrolled in 1909. According to the Leiter Report, a compendium of law school rankings published by Brian Leiter, Brooklyn Law School places 31st nationally for the quality of students. Long Island University is a private university headquartered in Brookville on Long Island, with a campus in Downtown Brooklyn with 6,417 undergraduate students. The Brooklyn campus has a strong science and medical technology programs, at the graduate and undergraduate levels. Pratt Institute, in Clinton Hill, is a private college founded in 1887 with programs in engineering, architecture, and the arts. Some buildings in the school’s Brooklyn campus are official landmarks. Pratt has over 4700 students, with most at its Brooklyn campus. Graduate programs include a library and information science, architecture, and urban planning. Undergraduate programs include architecture, construction management, writing, critical and visual studies, industrial design and fine arts, totaling over 25 programs in all. The New York University Tandon School of Engineering, the United States’ second oldest private institute of technology, founded in 1854, has its main campus in Downtown’s MetroTech Center, a commercial, civic and educational redevelopment project of which it was a key sponsor. NYU-Tandon is one of the 18 schools and colleges that comprise New York University (NYU). [143][144][145][146]. Francis College is a Catholic college in Brooklyn Heights founded in 1859 by Franciscan friars. Today, over 2,400 students attend the small liberal arts college. Francis is considered by The New York Times as one of the more diverse colleges, and was ranked one of the best baccalaureate colleges by Forbes magazine and U. News & World Report. Brooklyn also has smaller liberal arts institutions, such as Saint Joseph’s College in Clinton Hill and Boricua College in Williamsburg. Kingsborough Community College is a junior college in the City University of New York system in Manhattan Beach. The Central Library at Grand Army Plaza. As an independent system, separate from the New York and Queens public library systems, the Brooklyn Public Library[150] offers thousands of public programs, millions of books, and use of more than 850 free Internet-accessible computers. It also has books and periodicals in all the major languages spoken in Brooklyn, including English, Russian, Chinese, Spanish, Hebrew, and Haitian Creole, as well as French, Yiddish, Hindi, Bengali, Polish, Italian, and Arabic. The Central Library is a landmarked building facing Grand Army Plaza. There are 58 library branches, placing one within a half-mile of each Brooklyn resident. In addition to its specialized Business Library in Brooklyn Heights, the Library is preparing to construct its new Visual & Performing Arts Library (VPA) in the BAM Cultural District, which will focus on the link between new and emerging arts and technology and house traditional and digital collections. It will provide access and training to arts applications and technologies not widely available to the public. The collections will include the subjects of art, theater, dance, music, film, photography, and architecture. A special archive will house the records and history of Brooklyn’s arts communities. Partnerships with districts of foreign cities. See also: New York City § Sister cities. Anzio, Lazio, Italy (since 1990). Gdynia, Poland (since 1991)[151]. Besiktas, Istanbul Province, Turkey (since 2005)[152]. Leopoldstadt, Vienna, Austria (since 2007)[153][154][155]. London Borough of Lambeth, United Kingdom[156]. Bnei Brak, Israel[157]. Konak, Izmir, Turkey (since 2010)[158]. Chaoyang District, Beijing, China (since 2014)[159]. Yiwu, China (since 2014)[159]. Üsküdar, Istanbul, Turkey (since 2015)[160]. A car dealership, or vehicle local distribution, is a business that sells new or used cars at the retail level, based on a dealership contract with an automaker or its sales subsidiary. It can also carry a variety of Certified Pre-Owned vehicles. It employs automobile salespeople to sell their automotive vehicles. History of car dealerships in the United States. The first dealership in the United States was established in 1898 by William E. Today, direct sales by an automaker to consumers are limited by most states in the U. [1] The first woman car dealer in the United States was Rachel “Mommy” Krouse who in 1903 opened her business, Krouse Motor Car Company, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Car dealerships are usually franchised to sell and service vehicles by specific companies. They are often located on properties offering enough room to have buildings housing a showroom, mechanical service, and body repair facilities, as well as to provide storage for used and new vehicles. Many dealerships are located out of town or on the edge of town centers. An example of a traditional single proprietorship car dealership was Collier Motors in North Carolina. [3] Many modern dealerships are now part of corporate-owned chains such as AutoNation with over 300 franchises. Dealership profits in the US mainly come from servicing, some from used cars, and little from new cars. Most automotive manufacturers have shifted the focus of their franchised retailers to branding and technology. New or refurbished facilities are required to have a standard look for its dealerships and have product experts to liaise with customers. [5][6] Audi has experimented with a hi-tech showroom that allows customers to configure and experience cars on 1:1 scale digital screens. [7][8] In markets where it is permitted, Mercedes-Benz opened city centre brand stores. Tesla Motors has rejected the dealership sales model based on the idea that dealerships do not properly explain the advantages of their cars, and they could not rely on third party dealerships to handle their sales. [10] In response, Tesla has opened city centre galleries where prospective customers can view cars that can only be ordered online. [11][12] These stores were inspired by the Apple Stores. [13] Tesla’s model was the first of its kind, and has given them unique advantages as a new car company. Multiple studies have shown that franchises increase car costs by nearly 10%. Additionally, the issuance of new dealership licenses is subject to geographical restriction; if there is already a dealership for a company in an area, no one else can open one. This has led to dealerships becoming in essence hereditary, with families running dealerships in an area since the original issuance of their license with no fear of competition or any need to prove qualification or consumer benefit (beyond proving they meet minimum legal standards), as franchises in most jurisdictions can only be withdrawn for illegal activity and no other reason. This has led to consumer campaigns for establishment or reform, which have been met by huge lobbying efforts by franchise holders. New companies trying to enter the market, such as Tesla, have been restricted by this model and have either been forced out or been forced to work around the franchise model, facing constant legal pressure. Multibrand and multimaker car dealers sell cars from different and independent carmakers. [18][19] Some are specialized in electric vehicles. Auto transport is used to move vehicles from the factory to the dealerships. It was largely a commercial activity conducted by manufacturers, dealers, and brokers. Internet use has encouraged this niche service to expand and reach the general consumer marketplace. Car dealerships in the United States. List of auto dealership and repair shop buildings.
3 RARE Photos Car Dealer Street automobile Manhattan Ave Brooklyn NY c 1914
3_RARE_Photos_Car_Dealer_Street_automobile_Manhattan_Ave_Brooklyn_NY_c_1914_01_ykdg

3 RARE Photos Car Dealer Street automobile Manhattan Ave Brooklyn NY c 1914

3 RARE Photos Car Dealer Street automobile Manhattan Ave Brooklyn NY c 1914
3 RARE Photos Car Dealer Street automobile Manhattan Ave Brooklyn NY c 1914
3 RARE Photos Car Dealer Street automobile Manhattan Ave Brooklyn NY c 1914
3 RARE Photos Car Dealer Street automobile Manhattan Ave Brooklyn NY c 1914
3 RARE Photos Car Dealer Street automobile Manhattan Ave Brooklyn NY c 1914

3 RARE Photos Car Dealer Street automobile Manhattan Ave Brooklyn NY c 1914
Automobile Dealership & More. For offer – an interesting photo lot. Fresh from a prominent estate in Upstate, Western New York. Never offered on the market until now. Vintage, Old, antique, Original – NOT a Reproduction – Guaranteed!! Brooklyn written on back of one photo. One photo has an automobile in front of building with advertising signs for George B Ma-? Wagons, trucks, carriages, and automobiles. It looks like the license plate says 1914 on it – hard to read. Other photos have advertising signs – one has many signs, including E. Hazelwood, 804 Manhattan Ave. Looks like there might be a Studebaker sign as well. Perhaps these were all taken on Manhattan Ave – more research needs to be done. Each ones measures 3 1/4 x 5 1/2 inches. In good to very good condition. Small tear at edge. Please see photos below. If you collect 20th century history, American photography, Americana, NYC, etc. This is a nice one for your paper or ephemera collection. Perhaps some genealogy information as well. Brooklyn (/’br? Kl? N/) is a borough of New York City, co-extensive with Kings County, in the U. State of New York. It is the most-populous county in the state, the second-most densely populated county in the United States, [7] and New York City’s most populous borough, with an estimated 2,648,403 residents in 2020. [8] Named after the Dutch village of Breukelen, it shares a land border with the borough of Queens, at the western end of Long Island. Brooklyn has several bridge and tunnel connections to the borough of Manhattan across the East River, and the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge connects it with Staten Island. With a land area of 70.82 square miles (183.4 km2) and a water area of 26 square miles (67 km2), Kings County is New York state’s fourth-smallest county by land area, and third-smallest by total area, though it is the largest in population. It is the second-largest among the city’s five boroughs in area and largest in population. [9] If each borough were ranked as a city, Brooklyn would rank as the third-most populous in the U. After Los Angeles and Chicago. Brooklyn was an independent incorporated city (and previously an authorized village and town within the provisions of the New York State Constitution) until January 1, 1898, when, after a long political campaign and public relations battle during the 1890s, according to the new Municipal Charter of “Greater New York”, Brooklyn was consolidated with other cities, towns, and counties, to form the modern City of New York, surrounding the Upper New York Bay with five constituent boroughs. The borough continues, however, to maintain a distinct culture. Many Brooklyn neighborhoods are ethnic enclaves. Brooklyn’s official motto, displayed on the Borough seal and flag, is Eendraght Maeckt Maght, which translates from early modern Dutch as “Unity makes strength”. In the first decades of the 21st century, Brooklyn has experienced a renaissance as a destination for hipsters, [10] with concomitant gentrification, dramatic house price increases, and a decrease in housing affordability. [11] Since the 2010s, Brooklyn has evolved into a thriving hub of entrepreneurship, high technology start-up firms, [12][13] postmodern art[14] and design. The name Brooklyn is derived from the original Dutch colonial name Breuckelen. The oldest mention of the settlement in the Netherlands, is in a charter of 953 of Holy Roman Emperor Otto I, namely Broecklede. [15] This is a composition of the two words broeck, meaning bog or marshland and lede, meaning small (dug) water stream specifically in peat areas. [16] Breuckelen in the American continent is established in 1646, the name first appeared in print in 1663. [17] The Dutch colonists named it after the scenic town of Breukelen, Netherlands. [18][19] Over the past two millennia, the name of the ancient town in Holland has been Bracola, Broccke, Brocckede, Broiclede, Brocklandia, Broekclen, Broikelen, Breuckelen and finally Breukelen. [20] The New Amsterdam settlement of Breuckelen also went through many spelling variations, including Breucklyn, Breuckland, Brucklyn, Broucklyn, Brookland, Brockland, Brocklin, and Brookline/Brook-line. There have been so many variations of the name that its origin has been debated; some have claimed breuckelen means “broken land”. [21] The final name of Brooklyn, however, is the most accurate to its meaning. Part of a series of articles on. Long Island SoundBarrier islands. Brooklyn Museum – Hooker’s Map of the Village of Brooklyn. See also: Timeline of Brooklyn. The history of European settlement in Brooklyn spans more than 350 years. The settlement began in the 17th century as the small Dutch-founded town of “Breuckelen” on the East River shore of Long Island, grew to be a sizeable city in the 19th century, and was consolidated in 1898 with New York City (then confined to Manhattan and the Bronx), the remaining rural areas of Kings County, and the largely rural areas of Queens and Staten Island, to form the modern City of New York. The Dutch were the first Europeans to settle Long Island’s western edge, which was then largely inhabited by the Lenape, an Algonquian-speaking American Indian tribe often referred to in European documents by a variation of the place name “Canarsie”. Bands were associated with place names, but the colonists thought their names represented different tribes. The Breuckelen settlement was named after Breukelen in the Netherlands; it was part of New Netherland. The Dutch West India Company lost little time in chartering the six original parishes (listed here by their later English town names):[24]. Gravesend: in 1645, settled under Dutch patent by English followers of Anabaptist Deborah Moody, named for’s-Gravenzande, Netherlands, or Gravesend, England. Brooklyn Heights: as Breuckelen in 1646, after the town now spelled Breukelen, Netherlands. Breuckelen was along Fulton Street (now Fulton Mall) between Hoyt Street and Smith Street according to H. Brooklyn Heights, or Clover Hill, is where the village of Brooklyn was founded in 1816. Flatlands: as Nieuw Amersfoort in 1647. Flatbush: as Midwout in 1652. Nieuw Utrecht: in 1657, after the city of Utrecht, Netherlands. Bushwick: as Boswijck in 1661. A typical dining table in the Dutch village of Brooklyn, c. 1664, from The Brooklyn Museum. The colony’s capital of New Amsterdam, across the East River, obtained its charter in 1653. The neighborhood of Marine Park was home to North America’s first tide mill. It was built by the Dutch, and the foundation can be seen today. But the area was not formally settled as a town. Many incidents and documents relating to this period are in Gabriel Furman’s 1824 compilation. Province of New York. Village of Brooklyn and environs, 1766. What is now Brooklyn today left Dutch hands after the English captured the New Netherland colony on 1664, a prelude to the Second Anglo-Dutch War. New Netherland was taken in a naval action, and the English renamed the new capture for their naval commander, James, Duke of York, brother of the then monarch King Charles II and future king himself as King James II; Brooklyn became a part of the Province of New York, which formed one of the Thirteen Colonies. The six old Dutch towns on southwestern Long Island were reorganized as Kings County on November 1, 1683, [26] one of the “original twelve counties” then established in New York Province. This tract of land was recognized as a political entity for the first time, and the municipal groundwork was laid for a later expansive idea of a Brooklyn identity. Lacking the patroon and tenant farmer system established along the Hudson River Valley, this agricultural county unusually came to have one of the highest percentages of slaves among the population in the “Original Thirteen Colonies” along the Atlantic Ocean eastern coast of North America. Further information: Battle of Long Island and New York and New Jersey campaign. The Battle of Long Island was fought across Kings County. On August 27, 1776, was fought the Battle of Long Island (also known as the’Battle of Brooklyn’), the first major engagement fought in the American Revolutionary War after independence was declared, and the largest of the entire conflict. British troops forced Continental Army troops under George Washington off the heights near the modern sites of Green-Wood Cemetery, Prospect Park, and Grand Army Plaza. Washington, viewing particularly fierce fighting at the Gowanus Creek and Old Stone House from atop a hill near the west end of present-day Atlantic Avenue, was reported to have emotionally exclaimed: What brave men I must this day lose! The fortified American positions at Brooklyn Heights consequently became untenable and were evacuated a few days later, leaving the British in control of New York Harbor. While Washington’s defeat on the battlefield cast early doubts on his ability as the commander, the tactical withdrawal of all his troops and supplies across the East River in a single night is now seen by historians as one of his most brilliant triumphs. The British controlled the surrounding region for the duration of the war, as New York City was soon occupied and became their military and political base of operations in North America for the remainder of the conflict. The British generally enjoyed a dominant Loyalist sentiment from the residents in Kings County who did not evacuate, though the region was also the center of the fledgling-and largely successful-Patriot intelligence network, headed by Washington himself. One result of the Treaty of Paris in 1783 was the evacuation of the British from New York City, which was celebrated by New Yorkers into the 20th century. A preindustrial Winter Scene in Brooklyn, c. 1819-20, by Francis Guy (Brooklyn Museum). The first half of the 19th century saw the beginning of the development of urban areas on the economically strategic East River shore of Kings County, facing the adolescent City of New York confined to Manhattan Island. The New York Navy Yard operated in Wallabout Bay (border between Brooklyn and Williamsburgh) during the 19th century and two-thirds of the 20th century. The first center of urbanization sprang up in the Town of Brooklyn, directly across from Lower Manhattan, which saw the incorporation of the Village of Brooklyn in 1817. Reliable steam ferry service across the East River to Fulton Landing converted Brooklyn Heights into a commuter town for Wall Street. Ferry Road to Jamaica Pass became Fulton Street to East New York. Town and Village were combined to form the first, kernel incarnation of the City of Brooklyn in 1834. In a parallel development, the Town of Bushwick, farther up the river, saw the incorporation of the Village of Williamsburgh in 1827, which separated as the Town of Williamsburgh in 1840 and formed the short-lived City of Williamsburgh in 1851. Industrial deconcentration in the mid-century was bringing shipbuilding and other manufacturing to the northern part of the county. Each of the two cities and six towns in Kings County remained independent municipalities and purposely created non-aligning street grids with different naming systems. However, the East River shore was growing too fast for the three-year-old infant City of Williamsburgh; it, along with its Town of Bushwick hinterland, was subsumed within a greater City of Brooklyn in 1854. By 1841, with the appearance of The Brooklyn Eagle, and Kings County Democrat published by Alfred G. Stevens, the growing city across the East River from Manhattan was producing its own prominent newspaper. [29] It later became the most popular and highest circulation afternoon paper in America. The publisher changed to L. Van Anden on April 19, 1842, [30] and the paper was renamed The Brooklyn Daily Eagle and Kings County Democrat on June 1, 1846. [31] On May 14, 1849, the name was shortened to The Brooklyn Daily Eagle;[32] on September 5, 1938, it was further shortened to Brooklyn Eagle. [33] The establishment of the paper in the 1840s helped develop a separate identity for Brooklynites over the next century. The borough’s soon-to-be-famous National League baseball team, the Brooklyn Dodgers, also assisted with this. Both major institutions were lost in the 1950s: the paper closed in 1955 after unsuccessful attempts at a sale following a reporters’ strike, and the baseball team decamped for Los Angeles in a realignment of major league baseball in 1957. Agitation against Southern slavery was stronger in Brooklyn than in New York, [34] and under Republican leadership, the city was fervent in the Union cause in the Civil War. After the war the Henry Ward Beecher Monument was built downtown to honor a famous local abolitionist. A great victory arch was built at what was then the south end of town to celebrate the armed forces; this place is now called Grand Army Plaza. The number of people living in Brooklyn grew rapidly early in the 19th century. There were 4,402 by 1810, 7,175 in 1820 and 15,396 by 1830. [35] The city’s population was 25,000 in 1834, but the police department comprised only 12 men on the day shift and another 12 on the night shift. Every time a rash of burglaries broke out, officials blamed burglars from New York City. Finally, in 1855, a modern police force was created, employing 150 men. Voters complained of inadequate protection and excessive costs. In 1857, the state legislature merged the Brooklyn force with that of New York City. Any Thing for Me, if You Please? Fervent in the Union cause, the city of Brooklyn played a major role in supplying troops and materiel for the American Civil War. The most well-known regiment to be sent off to war from the city was the 14th Brooklyn “Red Legged Devils”. They fought from 1861 to 1864, wore red the entire war, and were the only regiment named after a city. President Lincoln called them into service, making them part of a handful of three-year enlisted soldiers in April 1861. Unlike other regiments during the American Civil War, the 14th wore a uniform inspired by the French Chasseurs, a light infantry used for quick assaults. The two combined in shipbuilding; the ironclad Monitor was built in Brooklyn. Brooklyn is referred to as the twin city of New York in the 1883 poem, “The New Colossus” by Emma Lazarus, which appears on a plaque inside the Statue of Liberty. The poem calls New York Harbor “the air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame”. As a twin city to New York, it played a role in national affairs that was later overshadowed by its century-old submergence into its old partner and rival. Economic growth continued, propelled by immigration and industrialization, and Brooklyn established itself as the third-most populous American city for much of the 19th century. The waterfront from Gowanus Bay to Greenpoint was developed with piers and factories. Industrial access to the waterfront was improved by the Gowanus Canal and the canalized Newtown Creek. USS Monitor was the most famous product of the large and growing shipbuilding industry of Williamsburg. After the Civil War, trolley lines and other transport brought urban sprawl beyond Prospect Park and into the center of the county. Brooklyn Bridge in 1883, by Currier and Ives. The rapidly growing population needed more water, so the City built centralized waterworks including the Ridgewood Reservoir. The municipal Police Department, however, was abolished in 1854 in favor of a Metropolitan force covering also New York and Westchester Counties. In 1865 the Brooklyn Fire Department (BFD) also gave way to the new Metropolitan Fire District. Throughout this period the peripheral towns of Kings County, far from Manhattan and even from urban Brooklyn, maintained their rustic independence. The only municipal change seen was the secession of the eastern section of the Town of Flatbush as the Town of New Lots in 1852. The building of rail links such as the Brighton Beach Line in 1878 heralded the end of this isolation. Borough of Brooklyn wards, 1900. Sports became big business, and the Brooklyn Bridegrooms played professional baseball at Washington Park in the convenient suburb of Park Slope and elsewhere. Early in the next century, under their new name of Brooklyn Dodgers, they brought baseball to Ebbets Field, beyond Prospect Park. Racetracks, amusement parks, and beach resorts opened in Brighton Beach, Coney Island, and elsewhere in the southern part of the county. Currier and Ives print of Brooklyn, 1886. Toward the end of the 19th century, the City of Brooklyn experienced its final, explosive growth spurt. Railroads and industrialization spread to Bay Ridge and Sunset Park. Within a decade, the city had annexed the Town of New Lots in 1886, the Town of Flatbush, the Town of Gravesend, the Town of New Utrecht in 1894, and the Town of Flatlands in 1896. Brooklyn had reached its natural municipal boundaries at the ends of Kings County. Mayors of the City of Brooklyn. See also: List of mayors of New York City and Brooklyn borough presidents. Since 1898, Brooklyn has, in place of a separate mayor, elected a Borough President. Mayors of the City of Brooklyn[37]. New York City borough. In 1883, the Brooklyn Bridge was completed, transportation to Manhattan was no longer by water only, and the City of Brooklyn’s ties to the City of New York were strengthened. The question became whether Brooklyn was prepared to engage in the still-grander process of consolidation then developing throughout the region, whether to join with the county of New York, the county of Richmond and the western portion of Queens County to form the five boroughs of a united City of New York. Andrew Haswell Green and other progressives said yes, and eventually, they prevailed against the Daily Eagle and other conservative forces. In 1894, residents of Brooklyn and the other counties voted by a slight majority to merge, effective in 1898. Kings County retained its status as one of New York State’s counties, but the loss of Brooklyn’s separate identity as a city was met with consternation by some residents at the time. Many newspapers of the day called the merger the “Great Mistake of 1898″, and the phrase still denotes Brooklyn pride among old-time Brooklynites. Location of Brooklyn (red) within New York City (remainder white). Brooklyn is 97 square miles (250 km2) in area, of which 71 square miles (180 km2) is land (73%), and 26 square miles (67 km2) is water (27%); the borough is the second-largest by land area among the New York City’s boroughs. However, Kings County, coterminous with Brooklyn, is New York State’s fourth-smallest county by land area and third-smallest by total area. [9] Brooklyn lies at the southwestern end of Long Island, and the borough’s western border constitutes the island’s western tip. Brooklyn’s water borders are extensive and varied, including Jamaica Bay; the Atlantic Ocean; The Narrows, separating Brooklyn from the borough of Staten Island in New York City and crossed by the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge; Upper New York Bay, separating Brooklyn from Jersey City and Bayonne in the U. State of New Jersey; and the East River, separating Brooklyn from the borough of Manhattan in New York City and traversed by the Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel, the Brooklyn Bridge, the Manhattan Bridge, the Williamsburg Bridge, and numerous routes of the New York City Subway. To the east of Brooklyn lies the borough of Queens, which contains John F. Kennedy International Airport in that borough’s Jamaica neighborhood, approximately two miles from the border of Brooklyn’s East New York neighborhood. The Downtown Brooklyn skyline, the Manhattan Bridge (far left), and the Brooklyn Bridge (near left) are seen across the East River from Lower Manhattan at sunset in 2013. Under the Köppen climate classification, using the 32 °F (0 °C) coldest month (January) isotherm, Brooklyn experiences a humid subtropical climate (Cfa), [40] with partial shielding from the Appalachian Mountains and moderating influences from the Atlantic Ocean. Brooklyn receives plentiful precipitation all year round, with nearly 50 in (1,300 mm) yearly. The area averages 234 days with at least some sunshine annually, and averages 57% of possible sunshine annually, accumulating 2,535 hours of sunshine per annum. [41] Brooklyn lies in the USDA 7b plant hardiness zone. Main article: Demographics of Brooklyn. Brooklyn has been New York City’s most populous borough since the mid-1920s. Key: Each borough’s historical population in millions. The Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, Staten Island. New York City’s five boroughsvte. City of New York. Sources:[54][55][56] and see individual borough articles. African American (Does not include West Indian or African). West Indian American (Except Hispanic Groups). East Asian American Includes Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese, etc. English American (Includes “American” ancestry). Russian and Eastern European Includes Russian, Ukrainian, Soviet Union, etc. Central European Includes Slovakian, Slovenian, Slavic, Czech, etc. South American Includes Peruvian, Ecuadorian, Argentinian, etc. Sub-Saharan African Includes Ethiopian, Nigerian, etc. Central American Includes Honduran, Salvadoran, Costa Rican, etc. The United States Census Bureau has estimated Brooklyn’s population has increased 2.2% to 2,559,903 between 2010 and 2019. Brooklyn’s estimated population represented 30.7% of New York City’s estimated population of 8,336,817; 33.5% of Long Island’s population of 7,701,172; and 13.2% of New York State’s population of 19,542,209. Haredi Jewish residents in Brooklyn, home to the largest Jewish community in the United States, with approximately 600,000 individuals. About 23% of the borough’s population in 2011 was Jewish. According to the 2010 United States Census, Brooklyn’s population was 42.8% White, including 35.7% non-Hispanic White; 34.3% Black, including 31.9% non-Hispanic black; 10.5% Asian; 0.5% Native American; 0.0% (rounded) Pacific Islander; 3.0% Multiracial American; and 8.8% from Other races. Hispanics and Latinos made up 19.8% of Brooklyn’s population. Celebrating Chinese New Year in “Little Fuzhou”, one of several Chinatowns in Brooklyn, in Sunset Park. Brooklyn’s rapidly growing Chinese American population was estimated to have surpassed 200,000 in 2014. In 2010, Brooklyn had some neighborhoods segregated based on race, ethnicity, and religion. Overall, the southwest half of Brooklyn is racially mixed although it contains few black residents; the northeast section is mostly black and Hispanic/Latino. According to the 2018 U. Census Bureau estimates, there are 2,582,830 people (up from 2.3 million in 1990), and 994,650 households, with 2.75 persons per household. The population density was 35,369/square mile. In Brooklyn, the population was spread out to 7.2% under 5, 15.6% between 6-18, 63.3% 19-64, and 13.9% 65 and older. 52.6% of the population is female. 36.9% of the population are foreign born. Brooklyn’s lesbian community is the largest out of all of the New York City boroughs. 19.8% of the population lives below the poverty line. 606,738 people were employed. Black or African American. Hispanic or Latino (of any race). Brooklyn has a high degree of linguistic diversity. As of 2010, 54.1% (1,240,416) of Brooklyn residents ages 5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language, while 17.2% (393,340) spoke Spanish, 6.5% (148,012) Chinese, 5.3% (121,607) Russian, 3.5% (79,469) Yiddish, 2.8% (63,019) French Creole, 1.4% (31,004) Italian, 1.2% (27,440) Hebrew, 1.0% (23,207) Polish, 1.0% (22,763) French, 1.0% (21,773) Arabic, 0.9% (19,388) various Indic languages, 0.7% (15,936) Urdu, and African languages were spoken as a main language by 0.5% (12,305) of the population over the age of five. In total, 45.9% (1,051,456) of Brooklyn’s population ages 5 and older spoke a mother language other than English. See also: List of Brooklyn neighborhoods and New York City ethnic enclaves. Landmark 19th-century rowhouses on tree-lined Kent Street in Greenpoint Historic District. 150-159 Willow Street, three original red-brick early 19th-century Federal Style houses in Brooklyn Heights. Middagh Street, Brooklyn Heights. Brooklyn’s neighborhoods are dynamic in ethnic composition. For example, the early to mid-20th century, Brownsville had a majority of Jewish residents; since the 1970s it has been majority African American. Midwood during the early 20th century was filled with ethnic Irish, then filled with Jewish residents for nearly 50 years, and is slowly becoming a Pakistani enclave. Brooklyn’s most populous racial group, white, declined from 97.2% in 1930 to 46.9% by 1990. The borough attracts people previously living in other cities in the United States. Of these, most come from Chicago, Detroit, San Francisco, Washington, D. Baltimore, Philadelphia, Boston, Cincinnati, and Seattle. [70][71][72][73][74][75][76]. Imatra Society, consisting of Finnish immigrants, celebrating its summer festival in Fort Hamilton, Brooklyn in 1894. Given New York City’s role as a crossroads for immigration from around the world, Brooklyn has evolved a globally cosmopolitan ambiance of its own, demonstrating a robust and growing demographic and cultural diversity with respect to metrics including nationality, religion, race, and domiciliary partnership. In 2010, 51.6% of the population was counted as members of religious congregations. [77] In 2014, there were 914 religious organizations in Brooklyn, the 10th most of all counties in the nation. [78] Brooklyn contains dozens of distinct neighborhoods representing many of the major culturally identified groups found within New York City. Among the most prominent are listed below. Main article: Jews in New York City. Over 600,000 Jews, particularly Orthodox and Hasidic Jews, have become concentrated in Borough Park, Williamsburg, and Midwood, where there are many yeshivas, synagogues, and kosher restaurants, as well as many other Jewish businesses. Other notable religious Jewish neighborhoods are Kensington, Canarsie, Sea Gate, and Crown Heights (home to the Chabad world headquarters). Many hospitals in Brooklyn were started by Jewish charities, including Maimonides Medical Center in Borough Park and Brookdale Hospital in Brownsville. [79][80] Many non-Orthodox Jews (ranging from observant members of various denominations to atheists of Jewish cultural heritage) are concentrated in Ditmas Park and Park Slope, with smaller observant and culturally Jewish populations in Brooklyn Heights, Cobble Hill, Brighton Beach, and Coney Island. Main articles: Chinatowns in Brooklyn and Chinese Americans in New York City. Over 200,000 Chinese Americans live throughout the southern parts of Brooklyn, primarily concentrated in Sunset Park, Bensonhurst, Gravesend and Homecrest. The largest concentration is in Sunset Park along 8th Avenue, which has become known for its Chinese culture since the opening of the now-defunct Winley Supermarket in 1986 spurred initial settlement in the area. It is called “Brooklyn’s Chinatown” and its Chinese population is composed in majority by Fuzhounese Americans, rendering this Chinatown with the nicknames “Fuzhou Town , Brooklyn” or the “Little Fuzhou ” of Brooklyn. Many Chinese restaurants can be found throughout Sunset Park, and the area hosts a popular Chinese New Year celebration. Caribbean and African American. Main article: Caribbeans in New York City. Brooklyn’s African American and Caribbean communities are spread throughout much of Brooklyn. Brooklyn’s West Indian community is concentrated in the Crown Heights, Flatbush, East Flatbush, Kensington, and Canarsie neighborhoods in central Brooklyn. Brooklyn is home to the largest community of West Indians outside of the Caribbean. Although the largest West Indian groups in Brooklyn are Jamaicans, Guyanese, and Haitians, there are West Indian immigrants from nearly every part of the Caribbean. Crown Heights and Flatbush are home to many of Brooklyn’s West Indian restaurants and bakeries. Brooklyn has an annual, celebrated Carnival in the tradition of pre-Lenten celebrations in the islands. [81] Started by natives of Trinidad and Tobago, the West Indian Labor Day Parade takes place every Labor Day on Eastern Parkway. The Brooklyn Academy of Music also holds the DanceAfrica festival in late May, featuring street vendors and dance performances showcasing food and culture from all parts of Africa. [82][83] Bedford-Stuyvesant is home to one of the most famous African American communities in the city, along with Brownsville, East New York, and Coney Island. Further information: Puerto Rican migration to New York City and Nuyorican. Bushwick is the largest hub of Brooklyn’s Latino American community. Like other Latino neighborhoods in New York City, Bushwick has an established Puerto Rican presence, along with an influx of many Dominicans, South Americans, Central Americans, Mexicans, as well as a more recent influx of Puerto Ricans. As nearly 80% of Bushwick’s population is Latino, its residents have created many businesses to support their various national and distinct traditions in food and other items. Sunset Park’s population is 42% Latino, made up of these various ethnic groups. Brooklyn’s main Latino groups are Puerto Ricans, Mexicans, Dominicans, and Panamanians; they are spread out throughout the borough. Puerto Ricans and Dominicans are predominant in Bushwick, Williamsburg’s South Side and East New York. Mexicans now predominate alongside Chinese immigrants in Sunset Park, although remnants of the neighborhood’s once-substantial postwar Puerto Rican and Dominican communities continue to reside below 39th Street. A Panamanian enclave exists in Crown Heights. Russian and Ukrainian American. Main article: Russian Americans in New York City. Brooklyn is also home to many Russians and Ukrainians, who are mainly concentrated in the areas of Brighton Beach and Sheepshead Bay. Brighton Beach features many Russian and Ukrainian businesses and has been nicknamed Little Russia and Little Odessa, respectively. Originally these communities were mostly Jewish; however, in more recent years, the non-Jewish Russian and Ukrainian communities of Brighton Beach have grown, and the area now reflects diverse aspects of Russian and Ukrainian culture. Smaller concentrations of Russian and Ukrainian Americans are scattered elsewhere in southern Brooklyn, including Bay Ridge, Bensonhurst, Coney Island and Mill Basin. Brooklyn’s Polish are historically concentrated in Greenpoint, home to Little Poland. Other longstanding settlements in Borough Park and Sunset Park have endured, while more recent immigrants are scattered throughout the southern parts of Brooklyn alongside the Russian American community. Main article: Italians in New York City. Despite widespread migration to Staten Island and more suburban areas in metropolitan New York throughout the postwar era, notable concentrations of Italian Americans continue to reside in the neighborhoods of Bensonhurst, Dyker Heights, Bay Ridge, Bath Beach and Gravesend. Less perceptible remnants of older communities have persisted in Cobble Hill and Carroll Gardens, where the homes of the remaining Italian Americans can often be contrasted with more recent upper middle class residents through the display of small Madonna statues, the retention of plastic-metal stoop awnings and the use of Formstone in house cladding. All of the aforementioned neighborhoods have retained Italian restaurants, bakeries, delicatessens, pizzerias, cafes and social clubs. Today, Arab Americans and Pakistani Americans along with other Muslim communities have moved into the southwest portion of Brooklyn, particularly to Bay Ridge, where there are many Middle Eastern restaurants, hookah lounges, halal shops, Islamic shops, and mosques. Elsewhere, Coney Island Avenue is home to Little Pakistan, while Church Avenue is the center of a Bangladeshi community. Pakistani Independence Day is celebrated every year with parades and parties on Coney Island Avenue. Earlier, the area was known predominantly for its Irish, Norwegian, and Scottish populations. Beginning in the early 20th century, Syrian and Lebanese businesses, mosques, and restaurants were concentrated on Atlantic Avenue west of Flatbush Avenue in Boerum Hill; more recently, this area has evolved into a Yemeni commercial district. Third-, fourth- and fifth-generation Irish Americans can be found throughout Brooklyn, with moderate concentrations[clarification needed] enduring in the neighborhoods of Windsor Terrace, Park Slope, Bay Ridge, Marine Park and Gerritsen Beach. Historical communities also existed in Vinegar Hill and other waterfront industrial neighborhoods, such as Greenpoint and Sunset Park. Paralleling the Italian American community, many moved to Staten Island and suburban areas in the postwar era. Those that stayed engendered close-knit, stable working-to-middle class communities through employment in the civil service (especially in law enforcement, transportation, and the New York City Fire Department) and the building and construction trades, while others were subsumed by the professional-managerial class and largely shed the Irish American community’s distinct cultural traditions (including continued worship in the Catholic Church and other social activities, such as Irish stepdance and frequenting Irish American bars). Brooklyn’s Greek Americans live throughout the borough, especially in Bay Ridge and adjacent areas where there is a noticeable cluster of Hellenic-focused schools and cultural institutions, with many businesses concentrated there and in Downtown Brooklyn near Atlantic Avenue. Greek-owned diners are also found throughout the borough. Brooklyn is home to a large and growing number of same-sex couples. Same-sex marriages in New York were legalized on June 24, 2011 and were authorized to take place beginning 30 days thereafter. [84] The Park Slope neighborhood spearheaded the popularity of Brooklyn among lesbians, and Prospect Heights has an LGBT residential presence. [85] Numerous neighborhoods have since become home to LGBT communities. Brooklyn Liberation March, the largest transgender-rights demonstration in LGBTQ history, took place on June 14, 2020 stretching from Grand Army Plaza to Fort Greene, focused on supporting Black transgender lives, drawing an estimated 15,000 to 20,000 participants. Brooklyn became a preferred site for artists and hipsters to set up live/work spaces after being priced out of the same types of living arrangements in Manhattan. Various neighborhoods in Brooklyn, including Williamsburg, DUMBO, Red Hook, and Park Slope evolved as popular neighborhoods for artists-in-residence. However, rents and costs of living have since increased dramatically in these same neighborhoods, forcing artists to move to somewhat less expensive neighborhoods in Brooklyn or across Upper New York Bay to locales in New Jersey, such as Jersey City or Hoboken. See also: Government and politics in Brooklyn. Since consolidation with New York City in 1898, Brooklyn has been governed by the New York City Charter that provides for a “strong” mayor-council system. The centralized government of New York City is responsible for public education, correctional institutions, public safety, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply, and welfare services. On the other hand, the Brooklyn Public Library is an independent nonprofit organization partially funded by the government of New York City, but also by the government of New York State, the U. Federal government, and private donors. The office of Borough President was created in the consolidation of 1898 to balance centralization with the local authority. Each borough president had a powerful administrative role derived from having a vote on the New York City Board of Estimate, which was responsible for creating and approving the city’s budget and proposals for land use. In 1989, the Supreme Court of the United States declared the Board of Estimate unconstitutional because Brooklyn, the most populous borough, had no greater effective representation on the Board than Staten Island, the least populous borough; it was a violation of the high court’s 1964 “one man, one vote” reading of the Fourteenth Amendment. Since 1990, the Borough President has acted as an advocate for the borough at the mayoral agencies, the City Council, the New York state government, and corporations. Brooklyn’s current Borough President is Eric Adams, elected as a Democrat in November 2013 with 90.8% of the vote. Adams replaced popular Borough President Marty Markowitz, also a Democrat, who partially used his office to promote tourism and new development for Brooklyn. Democrats hold most public offices, and the borough is very liberal. As of November 2017, 89.1% of registered voters in Brooklyn were Democrats. [90] Party platforms center on affordable housing, education and economic development. Pockets of Republican influence exist in Gravesend, Bensonhurst, Bay Ridge, Dyker Heights and Midwood. Each of the city’s five counties (coterminous with each borough) has its own criminal court system and District Attorney, the chief public prosecutor who is directly elected by popular vote. The District Attorney of Kings County is Eric Gonzalez, who replaced Democrat Kenneth P. Thompson following his death in October 2016. [91] Brooklyn has 16 City Council members, the largest number of any of the five boroughs. Brooklyn has 18 of the city’s 59 community districts, each served by an unpaid Community Board with advisory powers under the city’s Uniform Land Use Review Procedure. Each board has a paid district manager who acts as an interlocutor with city agencies. As is the case with sister boroughs Manhattan and the Bronx, Brooklyn has not voted for a Republican in a national presidential election since Calvin Coolidge in 1924. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 79.4% of the vote in Brooklyn while Republican John McCain received 20.0%. In 2012, Barack Obama increased his Democratic margin of victory in the borough, dominating Brooklyn with 82.0% of the vote to Republican Mitt Romney’s 16.9%. In 2020, four Democrats and one Republican represented Brooklyn in the United States House of Representatives. One congressional district lies entirely within the borough. Nydia Velázquez (first elected in 1992) represents New York’s 7th congressional district, which includes the central-west Brooklyn neighborhoods of Brooklyn Heights, Boerum Hill, Bushwick, Carroll Gardens, Cobble Hill, Dumbo, East New York, East Williamsburg, Greenpoint, Gowanus, Red Hook, Sunset Park, and Williamsburg. The district also covers a small portion of Queens. Hakeem Jeffries (first elected in 2012) represents New York’s 8th congressional district, which includes the southern Brooklyn neighborhoods of Bedford-Stuyvesant, Bergen Beach, Brighton Beach, Brownsville, Brighton Beach, Canarsie, Clinton Hill, Coney Island, East Flatbush, East New York, Fort Greene, Gerritsen Beach, Marine Park, Mill Basin, Ocean Hill, Sheepshead Bay, and Spring Creek. Yvette Clarke (first elected in 2006) represents New York’s 9th congressional district, which includes the central and southern Brooklyn neighborhoods of Crown Heights, East Flatbush, Flatbush, Midwood, Park Slope, Prospect Heights, Prospect Lefferts Gardens, and Windsor Terrace. Jerrold Nadler (first elected in 1992) represents New York’s 10th congressional district, which includes the southwestern Brooklyn neighborhoods of Midwood, Red Hook, Sunset Park, Bensonhurst, Borough Park, Gravesend, Kensington, and Mapleton. The district also covers the West Side of Manhattan. Nicole Malliotakis (first elected in 2020) represents New York’s 11th congressional district, which includes the southwestern Brooklyn neighborhoods of Bensonhurst, Gravesend, Bath Beach, Bay Ridge, and Dyker Heights. The district also covers all of Staten Island. See also: Economy of New York City. Ambox current red Asia Australia. This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. The USS North Carolina, launched at Brooklyn Navy Yard, June 1940. Newer buildings near East River State Park. Brooklyn’s job market is driven by three main factors: the performance of the national and city economy, population flows and the borough’s position as a convenient back office for New York’s businesses. Forty-four percent of Brooklyn’s employed population, or 410,000 people, work in the borough; more than half of the borough’s residents work outside its boundaries. As a result, economic conditions in Manhattan are important to the borough’s jobseekers. Strong international immigration to Brooklyn generates jobs in services, retailing and construction. Since the late 20th century, Brooklyn has benefited from a steady influx of financial back office operations from Manhattan, the rapid growth of a high-tech and entertainment economy in DUMBO, and strong growth in support services such as accounting, personal supply agencies, and computer services firms. Jobs in the borough have traditionally been concentrated in manufacturing, but since 1975, Brooklyn has shifted from a manufacturing-based to a service-based economy. In 2004, 215,000 Brooklyn residents worked in the services sector, while 27,500 worked in manufacturing. Although manufacturing has declined, a substantial base has remained in apparel and niche manufacturing concerns such as furniture, fabricated metals, and food products. [94] The pharmaceutical company Pfizer was founded in Brooklyn in 1869 and had a manufacturing plant in the borough for many years that employed thousands of workers, but the plant shut down in 2008. However, new light-manufacturing concerns packaging organic and high-end food have sprung up in the old plant. First established as a shipbuilding facility in 1801, the Brooklyn Navy Yard employed 70,000 people at its peak during World War II and was then the largest employer in the borough. The iron-sided Civil War vessel the Monitor was built in Greenpoint. From 1968 to 1979 Seatrain Shipbuilding was the major employer. [96] Later tenants include industrial design firms, food processing businesses, artisans, and the film and television production industry. About 230 private-sector firms providing 4,000 jobs are at the Yard. Construction and services are the fastest growing sectors. [97] Most employers in Brooklyn are small businesses. In 2000, 91% of the approximately 38,704 business establishments in Brooklyn had fewer than 20 employees. [98] As of August 2008, the borough’s unemployment rate was 5.9%. Brooklyn is also home to many banks and credit unions. Brooklyn is also attracting numerous high technology start-up companies, as Silicon Alley, the metonym for New York City’s entrepreneurship ecosystem, has expanded from Lower Manhattan into Brooklyn. See also: Culture of New York City and Media of New York City. The Brooklyn Museum on Eastern Parkway. The Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Arch at Grand Army Plaza. Main article: Culture of Brooklyn. Brooklyn has played a major role in various aspects of American culture including literature, cinema, and theater. The Brooklyn accent has often been portrayed as the “typical New York accent” in American media, although this accent and stereotype are supposedly fading out. [103] Brooklyn’s official colors are blue and gold. Brooklyn hosts the world-renowned Brooklyn Academy of Music, the Brooklyn Philharmonic, and the second-largest public art collection in the United States, housed in the Brooklyn Museum. The Brooklyn Museum, opened in 1897, is New York City’s second-largest public art museum. It has in its permanent collection more than 1.5 million objects, from ancient Egyptian masterpieces to contemporary art. The Brooklyn Children’s Museum, the world’s first museum dedicated to children, opened in December 1899. The only such New York State institution accredited by the American Alliance of Museums, it is one of the few globally to have a permanent collection – over 30,000 cultural objects and natural history specimens. The Brooklyn Academy of Music (BAM) includes a 2,109-seat opera house, an 874-seat theater, and the art-house BAM Rose Cinemas. Ann’s Warehouse are on the other side of Downtown Brooklyn in the DUMBO arts district. Brooklyn Technical High School has the second-largest auditorium in New York City (after Radio City Music Hall), with a seating capacity of over 3,000. Brooklyn has several local newspapers: The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, Bay Currents (Oceanfront Brooklyn), Brooklyn View, The Brooklyn Paper, and Courier-Life Publications. Courier-Life Publications, owned by Rupert Murdoch’s News Corporation, is Brooklyn’s largest chain of newspapers. Brooklyn is also served by the major New York dailies, including The New York Times, the New York Daily News, and the New York Post. The borough is home to the arts and politics monthly Brooklyn Rail, as well as the arts and cultural quarterly Cabinet. Is also published in Brooklyn. Brooklyn Magazine is one of the few glossy magazines about Brooklyn. Several others are now defunct, including BKLYN Magazine (a bimonthly lifestyle book owned by Joseph McCarthy, that saw itself as a vehicle for high-end advertisers in Manhattan and was mailed to 80,000 high-income households), Brooklyn Bridge Magazine, The Brooklynite (a free, glossy quarterly edited by Daniel Treiman), and NRG (edited by Gail Johnson and originally marketed as a local periodical for Clinton Hill and Fort Greene, but expanded in scope to become the self-proclaimed “Pulse of Brooklyn” and then the “Pulse of New York”). Brooklyn has a thriving ethnic press. El Diario La Prensa, the largest and oldest Spanish-language daily newspaper in the United States, maintains its corporate headquarters at 1 MetroTech Center in downtown Brooklyn. [107] Major ethnic publications include the Brooklyn-Queens Catholic paper The Tablet, Hamodia, an Orthodox Jewish daily and The Jewish Press, an Orthodox Jewish weekly. Many nationally distributed ethnic newspapers are based in Brooklyn. Over 60 ethnic groups, writing in 42 languages, publish some 300 non-English language magazines and newspapers in New York City. Among them is the quarterly “L’Idea”, a bilingual magazine printed in Italian and English since 1974. In addition, many newspapers published abroad, such as The Daily Gleaner and The Star of Jamaica, are available in Brooklyn. [citation needed] Our Time Press published weekly by DBG Media covers the Village of Brooklyn with a motto of “The Local paper with the Global-View”. The City of New York has an official television station, run by NYC Media, which features programming based in Brooklyn. Brooklyn Community Access Television is the borough’s public access channel. [108] Its studios are at the BRIC Arts Media venue, called BRIC House, located on Fulton Street in the Fort Greene section of the borough. The annual Coney Island Mermaid Parade (mid-to-late June) is a costume-and-float parade. Coney Island also hosts the annual Nathan’s Hot Dog Eating Contest (July 4). The annual Labor Day Carnival (also known as the Labor Day Parade or West Indian Day Parade) takes place along Eastern Parkway in Crown Heights. The Art of Brooklyn Film Festival runs annually around the second week of June. Parks and other attractions. See also: Tourism in New York City. Kwanzan Cherries in bloom at Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Astroland in Coney Island. Brooklyn Botanic Garden: adjacent to Prospect Park is the 52-acre (21 ha) botanical garden, which includes a cherry tree esplanade, a one-acre (0.4 ha) rose garden, a Japanese hill, and pond garden, a fragrance garden, a water lily pond esplanade, several conservatories, a rock garden, a native flora garden, a bonsai tree collection, and children’s gardens and discovery exhibits. Coney Island developed as a playground for the rich in the early 1900s, but it grew as one of America’s first amusement grounds and attracted crowds from all over New York. The Cyclone rollercoaster, built-in 1927, is on the National Register of Historic Places. The 1920 Wonder Wheel and other rides are still operational. Coney Island went into decline in the 1970s but has undergone a renaissance. Floyd Bennett Field: the first municipal airport in New York City and long-closed for operations, is now part of the National Park System. Many of the historic hangars and runways are still extant. Nature trails and diverse habitats are found within the park, including salt marsh and a restored area of shortgrass prairie that was once widespread on the Hempstead Plains. Green-Wood Cemetery, founded by the social reformer Henry Evelyn Pierrepont in 1838, is an early Rural cemetery. It is the burial ground of many notable New Yorkers. Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge: a unique Federal wildlife refuge straddling the Brooklyn-Queens border, part of Gateway National Recreation Area. New York Transit Museum displays historical artifacts of Greater New York’s subway, commuter rail, and bus systems; it is at Court Street, a former Independent Subway System station in Brooklyn Heights on the Fulton Street Line. Prospect Park is a public park in central Brooklyn encompassing 585 acres (2.37 km2). [113] The park was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux, who created Manhattan’s Central Park. Attractions include the Long Meadow, a 90-acre (36 ha) meadow, the Picnic House, which houses offices and a hall that can accommodate parties with up to 175 guests; Litchfield Villa, Prospect Park Zoo, the Boathouse, housing a visitors center and the first urban Audubon Center;[114] Brooklyn’s only lake, covering 60 acres (24 ha); the Prospect Park Bandshell that hosts free outdoor concerts in the summertime; and various sports and fitness activities including seven baseball fields. Prospect Park hosts a popular annual Halloween Parade. Fort Greene Park is a public park in the Fort Greene Neighborhood. Main article: Sports in Brooklyn. Barclays Center in Pacific Park within Prospect Heights, home of the Nets and Liberty. Brooklyn’s major professional sports team is the NBA’s Brooklyn Nets. The Nets moved into the borough in 2012, and play their home games at Barclays Center in Prospect Heights. Previously, the Nets had played in Uniondale, New York and in New Jersey. Barclays Center was also the home arena for the NHL’s New York Islanders full-time from 2015 to 2018, then part-time from 2018 to 2020 (alternating with Nassau Coliseum in Uniondale). The Islanders had originally played at Nassau Coliseum full-time since their inception until 2015, when their lease at the venue expired and the team moved to Barclays Center. In 2020, the team will return to Nassau Coliseum full-time for one season before moving to their new permanent home at Belmont Park in 2021. Brooklyn also has a storied sports history. It has been home to many famous sports figures such as Joe Paterno, Vince Lombardi, Mike Tyson, Joe Torre, Sandy Koufax, Billy Cunningham and Vitas Gerulaitis. Basketball legend Michael Jordan was born in Brooklyn though he grew up in Wilmington, North Carolina. In the earliest days of organized baseball, Brooklyn teams dominated the new game. The second recorded game of baseball was played near what is today Fort Greene Park on October 24, 1845. Brooklyn’s Excelsiors, Atlantics and Eckfords were the leading teams from the mid-1850s through the Civil War, and there were dozens of local teams with neighborhood league play, such as at Mapleton Oval. [115] During this “Brooklyn era”, baseball evolved into the modern game: the first fastball, first changeup, first batting average, first triple play, first pro baseball player, first enclosed ballpark, first scorecard, first known African-American team, first black championship game, first road trip, first gambling scandal, and first eight pennant winners were all in or from Brooklyn. Brooklyn’s most famous historical team, the Brooklyn Dodgers, named for “trolley dodgers” played at Ebbets Field. [117] In 1947 Jackie Robinson was hired by the Dodgers as the first African-American player in Major League Baseball in the modern era. In 1955, the Dodgers, perennial National League pennant winners, won the only World Series for Brooklyn against their rival New York Yankees. The event was marked by mass euphoria and celebrations. Just two years later, the Dodgers moved to Los Angeles. Walter O’Malley, the team’s owner at the time, is still vilified, even by Brooklynites too young to remember the Dodgers as Brooklyn’s ball club. They are an affiliate of the New York Mets. The New York Cosmos of the NASL began playing at MCU Park in 2017. Brooklyn once had a National Football League team named the Brooklyn Lions in 1926, who played at Ebbets Field. Rugby United New York joined Major League Rugby in 2019, and play their home games at MCU Park. Brooklyn has one of the most active recreational fishing fleets in the United States. In addition to a large private fleet along Jamaica Bay, there is a substantial public fleet within Sheepshead Bay. Species caught include Black Fish, Porgy, Striped Bass, Black Sea Bass, Fluke, and Flounder. See also: Transportation in New York City. About 57 percent of all households in Brooklyn were households without automobiles. The citywide rate is 55 percent in New York City. Coney Island – Stillwell Avenue subway station. Atlantic Terminal is a major hub in Brooklyn. Brooklyn features extensive public transit. Nineteen New York City Subway services, including the Franklin Avenue Shuttle, traverse the borough. Approximately 92.8% of Brooklyn residents traveling to Manhattan use the subway, despite the fact some neighborhoods like Flatlands and Marine Park are poorly served by subway service. Major stations, out of the 170 currently in Brooklyn, include. Atlantic Avenue – Barclays Center. Jay Street – MetroTech. Coney Island – Stillwell Avenue[124]. Proposed New York City Subway lines never built include a line along Nostrand or Utica Avenues to Marine Park, [125] as well as a subway line to Spring Creek. Brooklyn was once served by an extensive network of streetcars, but many were replaced by the public bus network that covers the entire borough. There is also daily express bus service into Manhattan. [128] New York’s famous yellow cabs also provide transportation in Brooklyn, although they are less numerous in the borough. There are three commuter rail stations in Brooklyn: East New York, Nostrand Avenue, and Atlantic Terminal, the terminus of the Atlantic Branch of the Long Island Rail Road. The terminal is near the Atlantic Avenue – Barclays Center subway station, with ten connecting subway services. In February 2015, Mayor Bill de Blasio announced that the city government would begin a citywide ferry service called NYC Ferry to extend ferry transportation to communities in the city that have been traditionally underserved by public transit. [129][130] The ferry opened in May 2017, [131][132] with the Bay Ridge ferry serving southwestern Brooklyn and the East River Ferry serving northwestern Brooklyn. A third route, the Rockaway ferry, makes one stop in the borough at Brooklyn Army Terminal. A streetcar line, the Brooklyn-Queens Connector, was proposed by the city in February 2016, [134] with the planned timeline calling for service to begin around 2024. See also: Brooklyn streets and List of lettered Brooklyn avenues. View of Eastern Parkway looking toward the Brooklyn Museum, cellulose nitrate negative photograph by Eugene Wemlinger c. The Marine Parkway Bridge. Williamsburg Bridge, as seen from Wallabout Bay with Greenpoint and Long Island City in background. Most of the limited-access expressways and parkways are in the western and southern sections of Brooklyn, where the borough’s two interstate highways are located; Interstate 278, which uses the Gowanus Expressway and the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway, traverses Sunset Park and Brooklyn Heights, while Interstate 478 is an unsigned route designation for the Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel, which connects to Manhattan. [136] Other prominent roadways are the Prospect Expressway (New York State Route 27), the Belt Parkway, and the Jackie Robinson Parkway (formerly the Interborough Parkway). Planned expressways that were never built include the Bushwick Expressway, an extension of I-78[137] and the Cross-Brooklyn Expressway, I-878. [138] Major thoroughfares include Atlantic Avenue, Fourth Avenue, 86th Street, Kings Highway, Bay Parkway, Ocean Parkway, Eastern Parkway, Linden Boulevard, McGuinness Boulevard, Flatbush Avenue, Pennsylvania Avenue, and Nostrand Avenue. Much of Brooklyn has only named streets, but Park Slope, Bay Ridge, Sunset Park, Bensonhurst, and Borough Park and the other western sections have numbered streets running approximately northwest to southeast, and numbered avenues going approximately northeast to southwest. East of Dahill Road, lettered avenues (like Avenue M) run east and west, and numbered streets have the prefix “East”. South of Avenue O, related numbered streets west of Dahill Road use the “West” designation. This set of numbered streets ranges from West 37th Street to East 108 Street, and the avenues range from A-Z with names substituted for some of them in some neighborhoods (notably Albemarle, Beverley, Cortelyou, Dorchester, Ditmas, Foster, Farragut, Glenwood, Quentin). Numbered streets prefixed by “North” and “South” in Williamsburg, and “Bay”, “Beach”, “Brighton”, “Plumb”, “Paerdegat” or “Flatlands” along the southern and southwestern waterfront are loosely based on the old grids of the original towns of Kings County that eventually consolidated to form Brooklyn. These names often reflect the bodies of water or beaches around them, such as Plumb Beach or Paerdegat Basin. Brooklyn is connected to Manhattan by three bridges, the Brooklyn, Manhattan, and Williamsburg Bridges; a vehicular tunnel, the Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel also known as the Hugh L. Carey Tunnel; and several subway tunnels. The Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge links Brooklyn with the more suburban borough of Staten Island. Though much of its border is on land, Brooklyn shares several water crossings with Queens, including the Pulaski Bridge, the Greenpoint Avenue Bridge, the Kosciuszko Bridge (part of the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway), and the Grand Street Bridge, all of which carry traffic over Newtown Creek, and the Marine Parkway Bridge connecting Brooklyn to the Rockaway Peninsula. The Queen Mary 2, one of the world’s largest ocean liners, was designed specifically to fit under the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge, the longest suspension bridge in the United States. She makes regular ports of call at the Red Hook terminal on her transatlantic crossings from Southampton, England. In February 2015, Mayor Bill de Blasio announced that the city government would begin NYC Ferry to extend ferry transportation to traditionally underserved communities in the city. [129][130] The ferry opened in May 2017, [131][132] offering commuter services from the western shore of Brooklyn to Manhattan via three routes. The East River Ferry serves points in Lower Manhattan, Midtown, Long Island City, and northwestern Brooklyn via its East River route. The South Brooklyn and Rockaway routes serve southwestern Brooklyn before terminating in lower Manhattan. Ferries to Coney Island are also planned. [133] NY Waterway offers tours and charters. SeaStreak also offers a weekday ferry service between the Brooklyn Army Terminal and the Manhattan ferry slips at Pier 11/Wall Street downtown and East 34th Street Ferry Landing in midtown. Manhattan Bridge seen from Brooklyn Bridge Park. See also: Education in New York City and List of high schools in New York City. Brooklyn Tech as seen from Ashland Place in Fort Greene. The Brooklyn College library, part of the original campus laid out by Randolph Evans, now known as “East Quad”. Brooklyn Law School’s 1994 new classical “Fell Hall” tower, by architect Robert A. NYU Tandon Wunsch Building. Francis College Administration Building. Education in Brooklyn is provided by a vast number of public and private institutions. Public schools in the borough are managed by the New York City Department of Education, the largest public school system. Brooklyn Technical High School (commonly called Brooklyn Tech), a New York City public high school, is the largest specialized high school for science, mathematics, and technology in the United States. [139] Brooklyn Tech opened in 1922. Brooklyn Tech is across the street from Fort Greene Park. It covers about half of a city block. [140] Brooklyn Tech is noted for its famous alumni[141] (including two Nobel Laureates), its academics, and a large number of graduates attending prestigious universities. Brooklyn College is a senior college of the City University of New York, and was the first public coeducational liberal arts college in New York City. The College ranked in the top 10 nationally for the second consecutive year in Princeton Review’s 2006 guidebook, America’s Best Value Colleges. Many of its students are first and second-generation Americans. Founded in 1970, Medgar Evers College is a senior college of the City University of New York, with a mission to develop and maintain high quality, professional, career-oriented undergraduate degree programs in the context of a liberal arts education. The college offers programs at the baccalaureate and associate degree levels, as well as adult and continuing education classes for central Brooklyn residents, corporations, government agencies, and community organizations. Medgar Evers College is a few blocks east of Prospect Park in Crown Heights. CUNY’s New York City College of Technology (City Tech) of The City University of New York (CUNY) (Downtown Brooklyn/Brooklyn Heights) is the largest public college of technology in New York State and a national model for technological education. Established in 1946, City Tech can trace its roots to 1881 when the Technical Schools of the Metropolitan Museum of Art were renamed the New York Trade School. That institution-which became the Voorhees Technical Institute many decades later-was soon a model for the development of technical and vocational schools worldwide. In 1971, Voorhees was incorporated into City Tech. SUNY Downstate College of Medicine, founded as the Long Island College Hospital in 1860, is the oldest hospital-based medical school in the United States. The Medical Center comprises the College of Medicine, College of Health Related Professions, College of Nursing, School of Public Health, School of Graduate Studies, and University Hospital of Brooklyn. The Nobel Prize winner Robert F. Furchgott was a member of its faculty. Half of the Medical Center’s students are minorities or immigrants. The College of Medicine has the highest percentage of minority students of any medical school in New York State. Brooklyn Law School was founded in 1901 and is notable for its diverse student body. Women and African Americans were enrolled in 1909. According to the Leiter Report, a compendium of law school rankings published by Brian Leiter, Brooklyn Law School places 31st nationally for the quality of students. Long Island University is a private university headquartered in Brookville on Long Island, with a campus in Downtown Brooklyn with 6,417 undergraduate students. The Brooklyn campus has a strong science and medical technology programs, at the graduate and undergraduate levels. Pratt Institute, in Clinton Hill, is a private college founded in 1887 with programs in engineering, architecture, and the arts. Some buildings in the school’s Brooklyn campus are official landmarks. Pratt has over 4700 students, with most at its Brooklyn campus. Graduate programs include a library and information science, architecture, and urban planning. Undergraduate programs include architecture, construction management, writing, critical and visual studies, industrial design and fine arts, totaling over 25 programs in all. The New York University Tandon School of Engineering, the United States’ second oldest private institute of technology, founded in 1854, has its main campus in Downtown’s MetroTech Center, a commercial, civic and educational redevelopment project of which it was a key sponsor. NYU-Tandon is one of the 18 schools and colleges that comprise New York University (NYU). [143][144][145][146]. Francis College is a Catholic college in Brooklyn Heights founded in 1859 by Franciscan friars. Today, over 2,400 students attend the small liberal arts college. Francis is considered by The New York Times as one of the more diverse colleges, and was ranked one of the best baccalaureate colleges by Forbes magazine and U. News & World Report. Brooklyn also has smaller liberal arts institutions, such as Saint Joseph’s College in Clinton Hill and Boricua College in Williamsburg. Kingsborough Community College is a junior college in the City University of New York system in Manhattan Beach. The Central Library at Grand Army Plaza. As an independent system, separate from the New York and Queens public library systems, the Brooklyn Public Library[150] offers thousands of public programs, millions of books, and use of more than 850 free Internet-accessible computers. It also has books and periodicals in all the major languages spoken in Brooklyn, including English, Russian, Chinese, Spanish, Hebrew, and Haitian Creole, as well as French, Yiddish, Hindi, Bengali, Polish, Italian, and Arabic. The Central Library is a landmarked building facing Grand Army Plaza. There are 58 library branches, placing one within a half-mile of each Brooklyn resident. In addition to its specialized Business Library in Brooklyn Heights, the Library is preparing to construct its new Visual & Performing Arts Library (VPA) in the BAM Cultural District, which will focus on the link between new and emerging arts and technology and house traditional and digital collections. It will provide access and training to arts applications and technologies not widely available to the public. The collections will include the subjects of art, theater, dance, music, film, photography, and architecture. A special archive will house the records and history of Brooklyn’s arts communities. Partnerships with districts of foreign cities. See also: New York City § Sister cities. Anzio, Lazio, Italy (since 1990). Gdynia, Poland (since 1991)[151]. Besiktas, Istanbul Province, Turkey (since 2005)[152]. Leopoldstadt, Vienna, Austria (since 2007)[153][154][155]. London Borough of Lambeth, United Kingdom[156]. Bnei Brak, Israel[157]. Konak, Izmir, Turkey (since 2010)[158]. Chaoyang District, Beijing, China (since 2014)[159]. Yiwu, China (since 2014)[159]. Üsküdar, Istanbul, Turkey (since 2015)[160]. A car dealership, or vehicle local distribution, is a business that sells new or used cars at the retail level, based on a dealership contract with an automaker or its sales subsidiary. It can also carry a variety of Certified Pre-Owned vehicles. It employs automobile salespeople to sell their automotive vehicles. History of car dealerships in the United States. The first dealership in the United States was established in 1898 by William E. Today, direct sales by an automaker to consumers are limited by most states in the U. [1] The first woman car dealer in the United States was Rachel “Mommy” Krouse who in 1903 opened her business, Krouse Motor Car Company, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Car dealerships are usually franchised to sell and service vehicles by specific companies. They are often located on properties offering enough room to have buildings housing a showroom, mechanical service, and body repair facilities, as well as to provide storage for used and new vehicles. Many dealerships are located out of town or on the edge of town centers. An example of a traditional single proprietorship car dealership was Collier Motors in North Carolina. [3] Many modern dealerships are now part of corporate-owned chains such as AutoNation with over 300 franchises. Dealership profits in the US mainly come from servicing, some from used cars, and little from new cars. Most automotive manufacturers have shifted the focus of their franchised retailers to branding and technology. New or refurbished facilities are required to have a standard look for its dealerships and have product experts to liaise with customers. [5][6] Audi has experimented with a hi-tech showroom that allows customers to configure and experience cars on 1:1 scale digital screens. [7][8] In markets where it is permitted, Mercedes-Benz opened city centre brand stores. Tesla Motors has rejected the dealership sales model based on the idea that dealerships do not properly explain the advantages of their cars, and they could not rely on third party dealerships to handle their sales. [10] In response, Tesla has opened city centre galleries where prospective customers can view cars that can only be ordered online. [11][12] These stores were inspired by the Apple Stores. [13] Tesla’s model was the first of its kind, and has given them unique advantages as a new car company. Multiple studies have shown that franchises increase car costs by nearly 10%. Additionally, the issuance of new dealership licenses is subject to geographical restriction; if there is already a dealership for a company in an area, no one else can open one. This has led to dealerships becoming in essence hereditary, with families running dealerships in an area since the original issuance of their license with no fear of competition or any need to prove qualification or consumer benefit (beyond proving they meet minimum legal standards), as franchises in most jurisdictions can only be withdrawn for illegal activity and no other reason. This has led to consumer campaigns for establishment or reform, which have been met by huge lobbying efforts by franchise holders. New companies trying to enter the market, such as Tesla, have been restricted by this model and have either been forced out or been forced to work around the franchise model, facing constant legal pressure. Multibrand and multimaker car dealers sell cars from different and independent carmakers. [18][19] Some are specialized in electric vehicles. Auto transport is used to move vehicles from the factory to the dealerships. It was largely a commercial activity conducted by manufacturers, dealers, and brokers. Internet use has encouraged this niche service to expand and reach the general consumer marketplace. Car dealerships in the United States. List of auto dealership and repair shop buildings.
3 RARE Photos Car Dealer Street automobile Manhattan Ave Brooklyn NY c 1914
LOS_ANGELES_Album_with_36_Original_Studio_Photos_Ca_1900s_01_hn

LOS ANGELES Album with 36 Original Studio Photos. Ca. 1900s

LOS ANGELES Album with 36 Original Studio Photos. Ca. 1900s
LOS ANGELES Album with 36 Original Studio Photos. Ca. 1900s
LOS ANGELES Album with 36 Original Studio Photos. Ca. 1900s
LOS ANGELES Album with 36 Original Studio Photos. Ca. 1900s
LOS ANGELES Album with 36 Original Studio Photos. Ca. 1900s
LOS ANGELES Album with 36 Original Studio Photos. Ca. 1900s
LOS ANGELES Album with 36 Original Studio Photos. Ca. 1900s
LOS ANGELES Album with 36 Original Studio Photos. Ca. 1900s
LOS ANGELES Album with 36 Original Studio Photos. Ca. 1900s
LOS ANGELES Album with 36 Original Studio Photos. Ca. 1900s
LOS ANGELES Album with 36 Original Studio Photos. Ca. 1900s
LOS ANGELES Album with 36 Original Studio Photos. Ca. 1900s
LOS ANGELES Album with 36 Original Studio Photos. Ca. 1900s
LOS ANGELES Album with 36 Original Studio Photos. Ca. 1900s
LOS ANGELES Album with 36 Original Studio Photos. Ca. 1900s
LOS ANGELES Album with 36 Original Studio Photos. Ca. 1900s
LOS ANGELES Album with 36 Original Studio Photos. Ca. 1900s
LOS ANGELES Album with 36 Original Studio Photos. Ca. 1900s
LOS ANGELES Album with 36 Original Studio Photos. Ca. 1900s

LOS ANGELES Album with 36 Original Studio Photos. Ca. 1900s
Album with 36 Original Gelatin Silver Studio Photographs, Showing Los Angeles Figueroa Street, a Street in St. James Park, House of Harrison Gray Otis, Pasadena Orange Grove Avenue, Raymond Hotel, Mansions of William C. Stuart and Charles Richardson, Arcadia (Baldwin’s Ranch), Altadena House of Colonel George G. Green, Redlands Brookside Avenue, House of Albert C. Burrage, Riverside (Magnolia Avenue), San Gabriel, a Portrait of Actress Helena Modjeska in her “Arden Forest” House near Silverado, a Scene at an Ostrich Farm, &c. Oblong Folio album ca. 28×37,5 cm or 11 x 14 ¾ in. 23 card stock leaves (5 blank). With 36 mounted original gelatin silver photos (including one image in three copies), mostly from ca. 15×20,5 cm (6×8 in) to ca. 12×19,5 cm (4 ½ x 7 ½ in); with two smaller panoramic photos ca. 8×20 cm (3×8 in). Twenty-nine photos are captioned in negative; three photos are also dated in negative “1901, ” Feb. In negative “Graham, ” “Graham Photo, ” Wm. Period brown half sheep album with black cloth boards; gilt-tooled decorative borders on the corners and spine; moire pastedown endpapers. Covers slightly rubbed on extremities, spine with a minor tear at head, back cover with a minor water stain, mounts slightly waved, three photos previously removed from the album, one photo at the rear with minor scratches on the image, but overall a very good album of interesting strong photos. An attractive collection of early, well-executed original studio photos of streets, parks, opulent private residences and hotels in modern-day Los Angeles, Pasadena, Altadena, Arcadia, Redlands, &c. The majority of the photos belong to a noted local Graham Photo Company. The views of Los Angeles show Figueroa Street, a street in St. James Park neighbourhood and a private residence of Harrison Gray Otis (publisher of the Los Angeles Times; the residence became Otis College of Art and Design, torn down and replaced with a modern building in 1956). The photos of Pasadena include several views of Orange Grove Avenue, scenes with orange trees and Gold of Ophir roses in bloom, two panoramic views of the second Raymond Hotel (built in 1901, torn down in 1934), and photos of the mansions of William C. Stuart at 1201 South Orange Grove Ave. Built in 1893, later owned by Harkness of Standard Oil, and Charles Richardson. A series of six photos depict Baldwin’s Ranch – now a part of the Los Angeles County Arboretum and Botanic Garden in Arcadia. There are also views of Altadena the residence of Colonel George G. Green, later the site of the Altadena library, Redlands Brookside Avenue, the private residence of Albert C. Burrage, built in 1901, Riverside (Magnolia Avenue), San Gabriel (a cactus grove), a scene at an ostrich farm, &c. Overall an attractive collection of early photos of private residences and urban landscapes of Los Angeles and southern California in the early 20th century. A list of images: No. Drive at San Gabriel Winery; No. Poplar Trees at Baldwins Ranch. Sheep on Baldwins Ranch. Graham; [A herd of sheep]. Graham; [A forest road]. Graham photo; [A private residence]; No. Scene at Baldwins Ranch; [Ostriches on a farm]. Graham photo; Street Scene on Figueroa. Scene on Orange Grove Ave. Stewart’s residence on Orange Grove Ave. Orange blossoms and gold of Ophir. Graham photo; Residence of Mr. Green, Altadena, Mount Lowe in the Distance. 75; [A private residence]; No. James park; Date palm on Adams. Cactus at San Gabriel. Merwin’s gold of Ophir roses at So. Gold of Ophir and oranges. Graham photo; [Panoramic view of the Raymond Hotel in Pasadena]; [Panoramic view of the Raymond Hotel in Pasadena from a different angle]; No. Brookside Ave, Redlands, Graham photo; No. Madam Modjeska at the fountain. Copyrighted 1902 by Graham; No. Graham photo (two identical views). Globus Books is an independent San Francisco-based bookshop and a member of the American Booksellers Association and the Antiquarian Booksellers Association of America and has been in business since 1971. Globus Rare Books and Archives is the department within Globus Books that specializes in rare travel and exploration related items from around the world with an emphasis on the Americas, the Pacific and Russian explorers and travellers. All items are guaranteed to be as described. We leave feedback for buyers once they have left feedback for us.
LOS ANGELES Album with 36 Original Studio Photos. Ca. 1900s
3_RARE_Photos_Car_Dealer_Street_automobile_Manhattan_Ave_Brooklyn_NY_c_1914_01_ohm

3 RARE Photos Car Dealer Street automobile Manhattan Ave Brooklyn NY c 1914

3 RARE Photos Car Dealer Street automobile Manhattan Ave Brooklyn NY c 1914
3 RARE Photos Car Dealer Street automobile Manhattan Ave Brooklyn NY c 1914
3 RARE Photos Car Dealer Street automobile Manhattan Ave Brooklyn NY c 1914
3 RARE Photos Car Dealer Street automobile Manhattan Ave Brooklyn NY c 1914
3 RARE Photos Car Dealer Street automobile Manhattan Ave Brooklyn NY c 1914

3 RARE Photos Car Dealer Street automobile Manhattan Ave Brooklyn NY c 1914
Automobile Dealership & More. For offer – an interesting photo lot. Fresh from a prominent estate in Upstate, Western New York. Never offered on the market until now. Vintage, Old, antique, Original – NOT a Reproduction – Guaranteed!! Brooklyn written on back of one photo. One photo has an automobile in front of building with advertising signs for George B Ma-? Wagons, trucks, carriages, and automobiles. It looks like the license plate says 1914 on it – hard to read. Other photos have advertising signs – one has many signs, including E. Hazelwood, 804 Manhattan Ave. Looks like there might be a Studebaker sign as well. Perhaps these were all taken on Manhattan Ave – more research needs to be done. Each ones measures 3 1/4 x 5 1/2 inches. In good to very good condition. Small tear at edge. Please see photos below. If you collect 20th century history, American photography, Americana, NYC, etc. This is a nice one for your paper or ephemera collection. Perhaps some genealogy information as well. Brooklyn (/’br? Kl? N/) is a borough of New York City, co-extensive with Kings County, in the U. State of New York. It is the most-populous county in the state, the second-most densely populated county in the United States, [7] and New York City’s most populous borough, with an estimated 2,648,403 residents in 2020. [8] Named after the Dutch village of Breukelen, it shares a land border with the borough of Queens, at the western end of Long Island. Brooklyn has several bridge and tunnel connections to the borough of Manhattan across the East River, and the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge connects it with Staten Island. With a land area of 70.82 square miles (183.4 km2) and a water area of 26 square miles (67 km2), Kings County is New York state’s fourth-smallest county by land area, and third-smallest by total area, though it is the largest in population. It is the second-largest among the city’s five boroughs in area and largest in population. [9] If each borough were ranked as a city, Brooklyn would rank as the third-most populous in the U. After Los Angeles and Chicago. Brooklyn was an independent incorporated city (and previously an authorized village and town within the provisions of the New York State Constitution) until January 1, 1898, when, after a long political campaign and public relations battle during the 1890s, according to the new Municipal Charter of “Greater New York”, Brooklyn was consolidated with other cities, towns, and counties, to form the modern City of New York, surrounding the Upper New York Bay with five constituent boroughs. The borough continues, however, to maintain a distinct culture. Many Brooklyn neighborhoods are ethnic enclaves. Brooklyn’s official motto, displayed on the Borough seal and flag, is Eendraght Maeckt Maght, which translates from early modern Dutch as “Unity makes strength”. In the first decades of the 21st century, Brooklyn has experienced a renaissance as a destination for hipsters, [10] with concomitant gentrification, dramatic house price increases, and a decrease in housing affordability. [11] Since the 2010s, Brooklyn has evolved into a thriving hub of entrepreneurship, high technology start-up firms, [12][13] postmodern art[14] and design. The name Brooklyn is derived from the original Dutch colonial name Breuckelen. The oldest mention of the settlement in the Netherlands, is in a charter of 953 of Holy Roman Emperor Otto I, namely Broecklede. [15] This is a composition of the two words broeck, meaning bog or marshland and lede, meaning small (dug) water stream specifically in peat areas. [16] Breuckelen in the American continent is established in 1646, the name first appeared in print in 1663. [17] The Dutch colonists named it after the scenic town of Breukelen, Netherlands. [18][19] Over the past two millennia, the name of the ancient town in Holland has been Bracola, Broccke, Brocckede, Broiclede, Brocklandia, Broekclen, Broikelen, Breuckelen and finally Breukelen. [20] The New Amsterdam settlement of Breuckelen also went through many spelling variations, including Breucklyn, Breuckland, Brucklyn, Broucklyn, Brookland, Brockland, Brocklin, and Brookline/Brook-line. There have been so many variations of the name that its origin has been debated; some have claimed breuckelen means “broken land”. [21] The final name of Brooklyn, however, is the most accurate to its meaning. Part of a series of articles on. Long Island SoundBarrier islands. Brooklyn Museum – Hooker’s Map of the Village of Brooklyn. See also: Timeline of Brooklyn. The history of European settlement in Brooklyn spans more than 350 years. The settlement began in the 17th century as the small Dutch-founded town of “Breuckelen” on the East River shore of Long Island, grew to be a sizeable city in the 19th century, and was consolidated in 1898 with New York City (then confined to Manhattan and the Bronx), the remaining rural areas of Kings County, and the largely rural areas of Queens and Staten Island, to form the modern City of New York. The Dutch were the first Europeans to settle Long Island’s western edge, which was then largely inhabited by the Lenape, an Algonquian-speaking American Indian tribe often referred to in European documents by a variation of the place name “Canarsie”. Bands were associated with place names, but the colonists thought their names represented different tribes. The Breuckelen settlement was named after Breukelen in the Netherlands; it was part of New Netherland. The Dutch West India Company lost little time in chartering the six original parishes (listed here by their later English town names):[24]. Gravesend: in 1645, settled under Dutch patent by English followers of Anabaptist Deborah Moody, named for’s-Gravenzande, Netherlands, or Gravesend, England. Brooklyn Heights: as Breuckelen in 1646, after the town now spelled Breukelen, Netherlands. Breuckelen was along Fulton Street (now Fulton Mall) between Hoyt Street and Smith Street according to H. Brooklyn Heights, or Clover Hill, is where the village of Brooklyn was founded in 1816. Flatlands: as Nieuw Amersfoort in 1647. Flatbush: as Midwout in 1652. Nieuw Utrecht: in 1657, after the city of Utrecht, Netherlands. Bushwick: as Boswijck in 1661. A typical dining table in the Dutch village of Brooklyn, c. 1664, from The Brooklyn Museum. The colony’s capital of New Amsterdam, across the East River, obtained its charter in 1653. The neighborhood of Marine Park was home to North America’s first tide mill. It was built by the Dutch, and the foundation can be seen today. But the area was not formally settled as a town. Many incidents and documents relating to this period are in Gabriel Furman’s 1824 compilation. Province of New York. Village of Brooklyn and environs, 1766. What is now Brooklyn today left Dutch hands after the English captured the New Netherland colony on 1664, a prelude to the Second Anglo-Dutch War. New Netherland was taken in a naval action, and the English renamed the new capture for their naval commander, James, Duke of York, brother of the then monarch King Charles II and future king himself as King James II; Brooklyn became a part of the Province of New York, which formed one of the Thirteen Colonies. The six old Dutch towns on southwestern Long Island were reorganized as Kings County on November 1, 1683, [26] one of the “original twelve counties” then established in New York Province. This tract of land was recognized as a political entity for the first time, and the municipal groundwork was laid for a later expansive idea of a Brooklyn identity. Lacking the patroon and tenant farmer system established along the Hudson River Valley, this agricultural county unusually came to have one of the highest percentages of slaves among the population in the “Original Thirteen Colonies” along the Atlantic Ocean eastern coast of North America. Further information: Battle of Long Island and New York and New Jersey campaign. The Battle of Long Island was fought across Kings County. On August 27, 1776, was fought the Battle of Long Island (also known as the’Battle of Brooklyn’), the first major engagement fought in the American Revolutionary War after independence was declared, and the largest of the entire conflict. British troops forced Continental Army troops under George Washington off the heights near the modern sites of Green-Wood Cemetery, Prospect Park, and Grand Army Plaza. Washington, viewing particularly fierce fighting at the Gowanus Creek and Old Stone House from atop a hill near the west end of present-day Atlantic Avenue, was reported to have emotionally exclaimed: What brave men I must this day lose! The fortified American positions at Brooklyn Heights consequently became untenable and were evacuated a few days later, leaving the British in control of New York Harbor. While Washington’s defeat on the battlefield cast early doubts on his ability as the commander, the tactical withdrawal of all his troops and supplies across the East River in a single night is now seen by historians as one of his most brilliant triumphs. The British controlled the surrounding region for the duration of the war, as New York City was soon occupied and became their military and political base of operations in North America for the remainder of the conflict. The British generally enjoyed a dominant Loyalist sentiment from the residents in Kings County who did not evacuate, though the region was also the center of the fledgling-and largely successful-Patriot intelligence network, headed by Washington himself. One result of the Treaty of Paris in 1783 was the evacuation of the British from New York City, which was celebrated by New Yorkers into the 20th century. A preindustrial Winter Scene in Brooklyn, c. 1819-20, by Francis Guy (Brooklyn Museum). The first half of the 19th century saw the beginning of the development of urban areas on the economically strategic East River shore of Kings County, facing the adolescent City of New York confined to Manhattan Island. The New York Navy Yard operated in Wallabout Bay (border between Brooklyn and Williamsburgh) during the 19th century and two-thirds of the 20th century. The first center of urbanization sprang up in the Town of Brooklyn, directly across from Lower Manhattan, which saw the incorporation of the Village of Brooklyn in 1817. Reliable steam ferry service across the East River to Fulton Landing converted Brooklyn Heights into a commuter town for Wall Street. Ferry Road to Jamaica Pass became Fulton Street to East New York. Town and Village were combined to form the first, kernel incarnation of the City of Brooklyn in 1834. In a parallel development, the Town of Bushwick, farther up the river, saw the incorporation of the Village of Williamsburgh in 1827, which separated as the Town of Williamsburgh in 1840 and formed the short-lived City of Williamsburgh in 1851. Industrial deconcentration in the mid-century was bringing shipbuilding and other manufacturing to the northern part of the county. Each of the two cities and six towns in Kings County remained independent municipalities and purposely created non-aligning street grids with different naming systems. However, the East River shore was growing too fast for the three-year-old infant City of Williamsburgh; it, along with its Town of Bushwick hinterland, was subsumed within a greater City of Brooklyn in 1854. By 1841, with the appearance of The Brooklyn Eagle, and Kings County Democrat published by Alfred G. Stevens, the growing city across the East River from Manhattan was producing its own prominent newspaper. [29] It later became the most popular and highest circulation afternoon paper in America. The publisher changed to L. Van Anden on April 19, 1842, [30] and the paper was renamed The Brooklyn Daily Eagle and Kings County Democrat on June 1, 1846. [31] On May 14, 1849, the name was shortened to The Brooklyn Daily Eagle;[32] on September 5, 1938, it was further shortened to Brooklyn Eagle. [33] The establishment of the paper in the 1840s helped develop a separate identity for Brooklynites over the next century. The borough’s soon-to-be-famous National League baseball team, the Brooklyn Dodgers, also assisted with this. Both major institutions were lost in the 1950s: the paper closed in 1955 after unsuccessful attempts at a sale following a reporters’ strike, and the baseball team decamped for Los Angeles in a realignment of major league baseball in 1957. Agitation against Southern slavery was stronger in Brooklyn than in New York, [34] and under Republican leadership, the city was fervent in the Union cause in the Civil War. After the war the Henry Ward Beecher Monument was built downtown to honor a famous local abolitionist. A great victory arch was built at what was then the south end of town to celebrate the armed forces; this place is now called Grand Army Plaza. The number of people living in Brooklyn grew rapidly early in the 19th century. There were 4,402 by 1810, 7,175 in 1820 and 15,396 by 1830. [35] The city’s population was 25,000 in 1834, but the police department comprised only 12 men on the day shift and another 12 on the night shift. Every time a rash of burglaries broke out, officials blamed burglars from New York City. Finally, in 1855, a modern police force was created, employing 150 men. Voters complained of inadequate protection and excessive costs. In 1857, the state legislature merged the Brooklyn force with that of New York City. Any Thing for Me, if You Please? Fervent in the Union cause, the city of Brooklyn played a major role in supplying troops and materiel for the American Civil War. The most well-known regiment to be sent off to war from the city was the 14th Brooklyn “Red Legged Devils”. They fought from 1861 to 1864, wore red the entire war, and were the only regiment named after a city. President Lincoln called them into service, making them part of a handful of three-year enlisted soldiers in April 1861. Unlike other regiments during the American Civil War, the 14th wore a uniform inspired by the French Chasseurs, a light infantry used for quick assaults. The two combined in shipbuilding; the ironclad Monitor was built in Brooklyn. Brooklyn is referred to as the twin city of New York in the 1883 poem, “The New Colossus” by Emma Lazarus, which appears on a plaque inside the Statue of Liberty. The poem calls New York Harbor “the air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame”. As a twin city to New York, it played a role in national affairs that was later overshadowed by its century-old submergence into its old partner and rival. Economic growth continued, propelled by immigration and industrialization, and Brooklyn established itself as the third-most populous American city for much of the 19th century. The waterfront from Gowanus Bay to Greenpoint was developed with piers and factories. Industrial access to the waterfront was improved by the Gowanus Canal and the canalized Newtown Creek. USS Monitor was the most famous product of the large and growing shipbuilding industry of Williamsburg. After the Civil War, trolley lines and other transport brought urban sprawl beyond Prospect Park and into the center of the county. Brooklyn Bridge in 1883, by Currier and Ives. The rapidly growing population needed more water, so the City built centralized waterworks including the Ridgewood Reservoir. The municipal Police Department, however, was abolished in 1854 in favor of a Metropolitan force covering also New York and Westchester Counties. In 1865 the Brooklyn Fire Department (BFD) also gave way to the new Metropolitan Fire District. Throughout this period the peripheral towns of Kings County, far from Manhattan and even from urban Brooklyn, maintained their rustic independence. The only municipal change seen was the secession of the eastern section of the Town of Flatbush as the Town of New Lots in 1852. The building of rail links such as the Brighton Beach Line in 1878 heralded the end of this isolation. Borough of Brooklyn wards, 1900. Sports became big business, and the Brooklyn Bridegrooms played professional baseball at Washington Park in the convenient suburb of Park Slope and elsewhere. Early in the next century, under their new name of Brooklyn Dodgers, they brought baseball to Ebbets Field, beyond Prospect Park. Racetracks, amusement parks, and beach resorts opened in Brighton Beach, Coney Island, and elsewhere in the southern part of the county. Currier and Ives print of Brooklyn, 1886. Toward the end of the 19th century, the City of Brooklyn experienced its final, explosive growth spurt. Railroads and industrialization spread to Bay Ridge and Sunset Park. Within a decade, the city had annexed the Town of New Lots in 1886, the Town of Flatbush, the Town of Gravesend, the Town of New Utrecht in 1894, and the Town of Flatlands in 1896. Brooklyn had reached its natural municipal boundaries at the ends of Kings County. Mayors of the City of Brooklyn. See also: List of mayors of New York City and Brooklyn borough presidents. Since 1898, Brooklyn has, in place of a separate mayor, elected a Borough President. Mayors of the City of Brooklyn[37]. New York City borough. In 1883, the Brooklyn Bridge was completed, transportation to Manhattan was no longer by water only, and the City of Brooklyn’s ties to the City of New York were strengthened. The question became whether Brooklyn was prepared to engage in the still-grander process of consolidation then developing throughout the region, whether to join with the county of New York, the county of Richmond and the western portion of Queens County to form the five boroughs of a united City of New York. Andrew Haswell Green and other progressives said yes, and eventually, they prevailed against the Daily Eagle and other conservative forces. In 1894, residents of Brooklyn and the other counties voted by a slight majority to merge, effective in 1898. Kings County retained its status as one of New York State’s counties, but the loss of Brooklyn’s separate identity as a city was met with consternation by some residents at the time. Many newspapers of the day called the merger the “Great Mistake of 1898″, and the phrase still denotes Brooklyn pride among old-time Brooklynites. Location of Brooklyn (red) within New York City (remainder white). Brooklyn is 97 square miles (250 km2) in area, of which 71 square miles (180 km2) is land (73%), and 26 square miles (67 km2) is water (27%); the borough is the second-largest by land area among the New York City’s boroughs. However, Kings County, coterminous with Brooklyn, is New York State’s fourth-smallest county by land area and third-smallest by total area. [9] Brooklyn lies at the southwestern end of Long Island, and the borough’s western border constitutes the island’s western tip. Brooklyn’s water borders are extensive and varied, including Jamaica Bay; the Atlantic Ocean; The Narrows, separating Brooklyn from the borough of Staten Island in New York City and crossed by the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge; Upper New York Bay, separating Brooklyn from Jersey City and Bayonne in the U. State of New Jersey; and the East River, separating Brooklyn from the borough of Manhattan in New York City and traversed by the Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel, the Brooklyn Bridge, the Manhattan Bridge, the Williamsburg Bridge, and numerous routes of the New York City Subway. To the east of Brooklyn lies the borough of Queens, which contains John F. Kennedy International Airport in that borough’s Jamaica neighborhood, approximately two miles from the border of Brooklyn’s East New York neighborhood. The Downtown Brooklyn skyline, the Manhattan Bridge (far left), and the Brooklyn Bridge (near left) are seen across the East River from Lower Manhattan at sunset in 2013. Under the Köppen climate classification, using the 32 °F (0 °C) coldest month (January) isotherm, Brooklyn experiences a humid subtropical climate (Cfa), [40] with partial shielding from the Appalachian Mountains and moderating influences from the Atlantic Ocean. Brooklyn receives plentiful precipitation all year round, with nearly 50 in (1,300 mm) yearly. The area averages 234 days with at least some sunshine annually, and averages 57% of possible sunshine annually, accumulating 2,535 hours of sunshine per annum. [41] Brooklyn lies in the USDA 7b plant hardiness zone. Main article: Demographics of Brooklyn. Brooklyn has been New York City’s most populous borough since the mid-1920s. Key: Each borough’s historical population in millions. The Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, Staten Island. New York City’s five boroughsvte. City of New York. Sources:[54][55][56] and see individual borough articles. African American (Does not include West Indian or African). West Indian American (Except Hispanic Groups). East Asian American Includes Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese, etc. English American (Includes “American” ancestry). Russian and Eastern European Includes Russian, Ukrainian, Soviet Union, etc. Central European Includes Slovakian, Slovenian, Slavic, Czech, etc. South American Includes Peruvian, Ecuadorian, Argentinian, etc. Sub-Saharan African Includes Ethiopian, Nigerian, etc. Central American Includes Honduran, Salvadoran, Costa Rican, etc. The United States Census Bureau has estimated Brooklyn’s population has increased 2.2% to 2,559,903 between 2010 and 2019. Brooklyn’s estimated population represented 30.7% of New York City’s estimated population of 8,336,817; 33.5% of Long Island’s population of 7,701,172; and 13.2% of New York State’s population of 19,542,209. Haredi Jewish residents in Brooklyn, home to the largest Jewish community in the United States, with approximately 600,000 individuals. About 23% of the borough’s population in 2011 was Jewish. According to the 2010 United States Census, Brooklyn’s population was 42.8% White, including 35.7% non-Hispanic White; 34.3% Black, including 31.9% non-Hispanic black; 10.5% Asian; 0.5% Native American; 0.0% (rounded) Pacific Islander; 3.0% Multiracial American; and 8.8% from Other races. Hispanics and Latinos made up 19.8% of Brooklyn’s population. Celebrating Chinese New Year in “Little Fuzhou”, one of several Chinatowns in Brooklyn, in Sunset Park. Brooklyn’s rapidly growing Chinese American population was estimated to have surpassed 200,000 in 2014. In 2010, Brooklyn had some neighborhoods segregated based on race, ethnicity, and religion. Overall, the southwest half of Brooklyn is racially mixed although it contains few black residents; the northeast section is mostly black and Hispanic/Latino. According to the 2018 U. Census Bureau estimates, there are 2,582,830 people (up from 2.3 million in 1990), and 994,650 households, with 2.75 persons per household. The population density was 35,369/square mile. In Brooklyn, the population was spread out to 7.2% under 5, 15.6% between 6-18, 63.3% 19-64, and 13.9% 65 and older. 52.6% of the population is female. 36.9% of the population are foreign born. Brooklyn’s lesbian community is the largest out of all of the New York City boroughs. 19.8% of the population lives below the poverty line. 606,738 people were employed. Black or African American. Hispanic or Latino (of any race). Brooklyn has a high degree of linguistic diversity. As of 2010, 54.1% (1,240,416) of Brooklyn residents ages 5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language, while 17.2% (393,340) spoke Spanish, 6.5% (148,012) Chinese, 5.3% (121,607) Russian, 3.5% (79,469) Yiddish, 2.8% (63,019) French Creole, 1.4% (31,004) Italian, 1.2% (27,440) Hebrew, 1.0% (23,207) Polish, 1.0% (22,763) French, 1.0% (21,773) Arabic, 0.9% (19,388) various Indic languages, 0.7% (15,936) Urdu, and African languages were spoken as a main language by 0.5% (12,305) of the population over the age of five. In total, 45.9% (1,051,456) of Brooklyn’s population ages 5 and older spoke a mother language other than English. See also: List of Brooklyn neighborhoods and New York City ethnic enclaves. Landmark 19th-century rowhouses on tree-lined Kent Street in Greenpoint Historic District. 150-159 Willow Street, three original red-brick early 19th-century Federal Style houses in Brooklyn Heights. Middagh Street, Brooklyn Heights. Brooklyn’s neighborhoods are dynamic in ethnic composition. For example, the early to mid-20th century, Brownsville had a majority of Jewish residents; since the 1970s it has been majority African American. Midwood during the early 20th century was filled with ethnic Irish, then filled with Jewish residents for nearly 50 years, and is slowly becoming a Pakistani enclave. Brooklyn’s most populous racial group, white, declined from 97.2% in 1930 to 46.9% by 1990. The borough attracts people previously living in other cities in the United States. Of these, most come from Chicago, Detroit, San Francisco, Washington, D. Baltimore, Philadelphia, Boston, Cincinnati, and Seattle. [70][71][72][73][74][75][76]. Imatra Society, consisting of Finnish immigrants, celebrating its summer festival in Fort Hamilton, Brooklyn in 1894. Given New York City’s role as a crossroads for immigration from around the world, Brooklyn has evolved a globally cosmopolitan ambiance of its own, demonstrating a robust and growing demographic and cultural diversity with respect to metrics including nationality, religion, race, and domiciliary partnership. In 2010, 51.6% of the population was counted as members of religious congregations. [77] In 2014, there were 914 religious organizations in Brooklyn, the 10th most of all counties in the nation. [78] Brooklyn contains dozens of distinct neighborhoods representing many of the major culturally identified groups found within New York City. Among the most prominent are listed below. Main article: Jews in New York City. Over 600,000 Jews, particularly Orthodox and Hasidic Jews, have become concentrated in Borough Park, Williamsburg, and Midwood, where there are many yeshivas, synagogues, and kosher restaurants, as well as many other Jewish businesses. Other notable religious Jewish neighborhoods are Kensington, Canarsie, Sea Gate, and Crown Heights (home to the Chabad world headquarters). Many hospitals in Brooklyn were started by Jewish charities, including Maimonides Medical Center in Borough Park and Brookdale Hospital in Brownsville. [79][80] Many non-Orthodox Jews (ranging from observant members of various denominations to atheists of Jewish cultural heritage) are concentrated in Ditmas Park and Park Slope, with smaller observant and culturally Jewish populations in Brooklyn Heights, Cobble Hill, Brighton Beach, and Coney Island. Main articles: Chinatowns in Brooklyn and Chinese Americans in New York City. Over 200,000 Chinese Americans live throughout the southern parts of Brooklyn, primarily concentrated in Sunset Park, Bensonhurst, Gravesend and Homecrest. The largest concentration is in Sunset Park along 8th Avenue, which has become known for its Chinese culture since the opening of the now-defunct Winley Supermarket in 1986 spurred initial settlement in the area. It is called “Brooklyn’s Chinatown” and its Chinese population is composed in majority by Fuzhounese Americans, rendering this Chinatown with the nicknames “Fuzhou Town , Brooklyn” or the “Little Fuzhou ” of Brooklyn. Many Chinese restaurants can be found throughout Sunset Park, and the area hosts a popular Chinese New Year celebration. Caribbean and African American. Main article: Caribbeans in New York City. Brooklyn’s African American and Caribbean communities are spread throughout much of Brooklyn. Brooklyn’s West Indian community is concentrated in the Crown Heights, Flatbush, East Flatbush, Kensington, and Canarsie neighborhoods in central Brooklyn. Brooklyn is home to the largest community of West Indians outside of the Caribbean. Although the largest West Indian groups in Brooklyn are Jamaicans, Guyanese, and Haitians, there are West Indian immigrants from nearly every part of the Caribbean. Crown Heights and Flatbush are home to many of Brooklyn’s West Indian restaurants and bakeries. Brooklyn has an annual, celebrated Carnival in the tradition of pre-Lenten celebrations in the islands. [81] Started by natives of Trinidad and Tobago, the West Indian Labor Day Parade takes place every Labor Day on Eastern Parkway. The Brooklyn Academy of Music also holds the DanceAfrica festival in late May, featuring street vendors and dance performances showcasing food and culture from all parts of Africa. [82][83] Bedford-Stuyvesant is home to one of the most famous African American communities in the city, along with Brownsville, East New York, and Coney Island. Further information: Puerto Rican migration to New York City and Nuyorican. Bushwick is the largest hub of Brooklyn’s Latino American community. Like other Latino neighborhoods in New York City, Bushwick has an established Puerto Rican presence, along with an influx of many Dominicans, South Americans, Central Americans, Mexicans, as well as a more recent influx of Puerto Ricans. As nearly 80% of Bushwick’s population is Latino, its residents have created many businesses to support their various national and distinct traditions in food and other items. Sunset Park’s population is 42% Latino, made up of these various ethnic groups. Brooklyn’s main Latino groups are Puerto Ricans, Mexicans, Dominicans, and Panamanians; they are spread out throughout the borough. Puerto Ricans and Dominicans are predominant in Bushwick, Williamsburg’s South Side and East New York. Mexicans now predominate alongside Chinese immigrants in Sunset Park, although remnants of the neighborhood’s once-substantial postwar Puerto Rican and Dominican communities continue to reside below 39th Street. A Panamanian enclave exists in Crown Heights. Russian and Ukrainian American. Main article: Russian Americans in New York City. Brooklyn is also home to many Russians and Ukrainians, who are mainly concentrated in the areas of Brighton Beach and Sheepshead Bay. Brighton Beach features many Russian and Ukrainian businesses and has been nicknamed Little Russia and Little Odessa, respectively. Originally these communities were mostly Jewish; however, in more recent years, the non-Jewish Russian and Ukrainian communities of Brighton Beach have grown, and the area now reflects diverse aspects of Russian and Ukrainian culture. Smaller concentrations of Russian and Ukrainian Americans are scattered elsewhere in southern Brooklyn, including Bay Ridge, Bensonhurst, Coney Island and Mill Basin. Brooklyn’s Polish are historically concentrated in Greenpoint, home to Little Poland. Other longstanding settlements in Borough Park and Sunset Park have endured, while more recent immigrants are scattered throughout the southern parts of Brooklyn alongside the Russian American community. Main article: Italians in New York City. Despite widespread migration to Staten Island and more suburban areas in metropolitan New York throughout the postwar era, notable concentrations of Italian Americans continue to reside in the neighborhoods of Bensonhurst, Dyker Heights, Bay Ridge, Bath Beach and Gravesend. Less perceptible remnants of older communities have persisted in Cobble Hill and Carroll Gardens, where the homes of the remaining Italian Americans can often be contrasted with more recent upper middle class residents through the display of small Madonna statues, the retention of plastic-metal stoop awnings and the use of Formstone in house cladding. All of the aforementioned neighborhoods have retained Italian restaurants, bakeries, delicatessens, pizzerias, cafes and social clubs. Today, Arab Americans and Pakistani Americans along with other Muslim communities have moved into the southwest portion of Brooklyn, particularly to Bay Ridge, where there are many Middle Eastern restaurants, hookah lounges, halal shops, Islamic shops, and mosques. Elsewhere, Coney Island Avenue is home to Little Pakistan, while Church Avenue is the center of a Bangladeshi community. Pakistani Independence Day is celebrated every year with parades and parties on Coney Island Avenue. Earlier, the area was known predominantly for its Irish, Norwegian, and Scottish populations. Beginning in the early 20th century, Syrian and Lebanese businesses, mosques, and restaurants were concentrated on Atlantic Avenue west of Flatbush Avenue in Boerum Hill; more recently, this area has evolved into a Yemeni commercial district. Third-, fourth- and fifth-generation Irish Americans can be found throughout Brooklyn, with moderate concentrations[clarification needed] enduring in the neighborhoods of Windsor Terrace, Park Slope, Bay Ridge, Marine Park and Gerritsen Beach. Historical communities also existed in Vinegar Hill and other waterfront industrial neighborhoods, such as Greenpoint and Sunset Park. Paralleling the Italian American community, many moved to Staten Island and suburban areas in the postwar era. Those that stayed engendered close-knit, stable working-to-middle class communities through employment in the civil service (especially in law enforcement, transportation, and the New York City Fire Department) and the building and construction trades, while others were subsumed by the professional-managerial class and largely shed the Irish American community’s distinct cultural traditions (including continued worship in the Catholic Church and other social activities, such as Irish stepdance and frequenting Irish American bars). Brooklyn’s Greek Americans live throughout the borough, especially in Bay Ridge and adjacent areas where there is a noticeable cluster of Hellenic-focused schools and cultural institutions, with many businesses concentrated there and in Downtown Brooklyn near Atlantic Avenue. Greek-owned diners are also found throughout the borough. Brooklyn is home to a large and growing number of same-sex couples. Same-sex marriages in New York were legalized on June 24, 2011 and were authorized to take place beginning 30 days thereafter. [84] The Park Slope neighborhood spearheaded the popularity of Brooklyn among lesbians, and Prospect Heights has an LGBT residential presence. [85] Numerous neighborhoods have since become home to LGBT communities. Brooklyn Liberation March, the largest transgender-rights demonstration in LGBTQ history, took place on June 14, 2020 stretching from Grand Army Plaza to Fort Greene, focused on supporting Black transgender lives, drawing an estimated 15,000 to 20,000 participants. Brooklyn became a preferred site for artists and hipsters to set up live/work spaces after being priced out of the same types of living arrangements in Manhattan. Various neighborhoods in Brooklyn, including Williamsburg, DUMBO, Red Hook, and Park Slope evolved as popular neighborhoods for artists-in-residence. However, rents and costs of living have since increased dramatically in these same neighborhoods, forcing artists to move to somewhat less expensive neighborhoods in Brooklyn or across Upper New York Bay to locales in New Jersey, such as Jersey City or Hoboken. See also: Government and politics in Brooklyn. Since consolidation with New York City in 1898, Brooklyn has been governed by the New York City Charter that provides for a “strong” mayor-council system. The centralized government of New York City is responsible for public education, correctional institutions, public safety, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply, and welfare services. On the other hand, the Brooklyn Public Library is an independent nonprofit organization partially funded by the government of New York City, but also by the government of New York State, the U. Federal government, and private donors. The office of Borough President was created in the consolidation of 1898 to balance centralization with the local authority. Each borough president had a powerful administrative role derived from having a vote on the New York City Board of Estimate, which was responsible for creating and approving the city’s budget and proposals for land use. In 1989, the Supreme Court of the United States declared the Board of Estimate unconstitutional because Brooklyn, the most populous borough, had no greater effective representation on the Board than Staten Island, the least populous borough; it was a violation of the high court’s 1964 “one man, one vote” reading of the Fourteenth Amendment. Since 1990, the Borough President has acted as an advocate for the borough at the mayoral agencies, the City Council, the New York state government, and corporations. Brooklyn’s current Borough President is Eric Adams, elected as a Democrat in November 2013 with 90.8% of the vote. Adams replaced popular Borough President Marty Markowitz, also a Democrat, who partially used his office to promote tourism and new development for Brooklyn. Democrats hold most public offices, and the borough is very liberal. As of November 2017, 89.1% of registered voters in Brooklyn were Democrats. [90] Party platforms center on affordable housing, education and economic development. Pockets of Republican influence exist in Gravesend, Bensonhurst, Bay Ridge, Dyker Heights and Midwood. Each of the city’s five counties (coterminous with each borough) has its own criminal court system and District Attorney, the chief public prosecutor who is directly elected by popular vote. The District Attorney of Kings County is Eric Gonzalez, who replaced Democrat Kenneth P. Thompson following his death in October 2016. [91] Brooklyn has 16 City Council members, the largest number of any of the five boroughs. Brooklyn has 18 of the city’s 59 community districts, each served by an unpaid Community Board with advisory powers under the city’s Uniform Land Use Review Procedure. Each board has a paid district manager who acts as an interlocutor with city agencies. As is the case with sister boroughs Manhattan and the Bronx, Brooklyn has not voted for a Republican in a national presidential election since Calvin Coolidge in 1924. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 79.4% of the vote in Brooklyn while Republican John McCain received 20.0%. In 2012, Barack Obama increased his Democratic margin of victory in the borough, dominating Brooklyn with 82.0% of the vote to Republican Mitt Romney’s 16.9%. In 2020, four Democrats and one Republican represented Brooklyn in the United States House of Representatives. One congressional district lies entirely within the borough. Nydia Velázquez (first elected in 1992) represents New York’s 7th congressional district, which includes the central-west Brooklyn neighborhoods of Brooklyn Heights, Boerum Hill, Bushwick, Carroll Gardens, Cobble Hill, Dumbo, East New York, East Williamsburg, Greenpoint, Gowanus, Red Hook, Sunset Park, and Williamsburg. The district also covers a small portion of Queens. Hakeem Jeffries (first elected in 2012) represents New York’s 8th congressional district, which includes the southern Brooklyn neighborhoods of Bedford-Stuyvesant, Bergen Beach, Brighton Beach, Brownsville, Brighton Beach, Canarsie, Clinton Hill, Coney Island, East Flatbush, East New York, Fort Greene, Gerritsen Beach, Marine Park, Mill Basin, Ocean Hill, Sheepshead Bay, and Spring Creek. Yvette Clarke (first elected in 2006) represents New York’s 9th congressional district, which includes the central and southern Brooklyn neighborhoods of Crown Heights, East Flatbush, Flatbush, Midwood, Park Slope, Prospect Heights, Prospect Lefferts Gardens, and Windsor Terrace. Jerrold Nadler (first elected in 1992) represents New York’s 10th congressional district, which includes the southwestern Brooklyn neighborhoods of Midwood, Red Hook, Sunset Park, Bensonhurst, Borough Park, Gravesend, Kensington, and Mapleton. The district also covers the West Side of Manhattan. Nicole Malliotakis (first elected in 2020) represents New York’s 11th congressional district, which includes the southwestern Brooklyn neighborhoods of Bensonhurst, Gravesend, Bath Beach, Bay Ridge, and Dyker Heights. The district also covers all of Staten Island. See also: Economy of New York City. Ambox current red Asia Australia. This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. The USS North Carolina, launched at Brooklyn Navy Yard, June 1940. Newer buildings near East River State Park. Brooklyn’s job market is driven by three main factors: the performance of the national and city economy, population flows and the borough’s position as a convenient back office for New York’s businesses. Forty-four percent of Brooklyn’s employed population, or 410,000 people, work in the borough; more than half of the borough’s residents work outside its boundaries. As a result, economic conditions in Manhattan are important to the borough’s jobseekers. Strong international immigration to Brooklyn generates jobs in services, retailing and construction. Since the late 20th century, Brooklyn has benefited from a steady influx of financial back office operations from Manhattan, the rapid growth of a high-tech and entertainment economy in DUMBO, and strong growth in support services such as accounting, personal supply agencies, and computer services firms. Jobs in the borough have traditionally been concentrated in manufacturing, but since 1975, Brooklyn has shifted from a manufacturing-based to a service-based economy. In 2004, 215,000 Brooklyn residents worked in the services sector, while 27,500 worked in manufacturing. Although manufacturing has declined, a substantial base has remained in apparel and niche manufacturing concerns such as furniture, fabricated metals, and food products. [94] The pharmaceutical company Pfizer was founded in Brooklyn in 1869 and had a manufacturing plant in the borough for many years that employed thousands of workers, but the plant shut down in 2008. However, new light-manufacturing concerns packaging organic and high-end food have sprung up in the old plant. First established as a shipbuilding facility in 1801, the Brooklyn Navy Yard employed 70,000 people at its peak during World War II and was then the largest employer in the borough. The iron-sided Civil War vessel the Monitor was built in Greenpoint. From 1968 to 1979 Seatrain Shipbuilding was the major employer. [96] Later tenants include industrial design firms, food processing businesses, artisans, and the film and television production industry. About 230 private-sector firms providing 4,000 jobs are at the Yard. Construction and services are the fastest growing sectors. [97] Most employers in Brooklyn are small businesses. In 2000, 91% of the approximately 38,704 business establishments in Brooklyn had fewer than 20 employees. [98] As of August 2008, the borough’s unemployment rate was 5.9%. Brooklyn is also home to many banks and credit unions. Brooklyn is also attracting numerous high technology start-up companies, as Silicon Alley, the metonym for New York City’s entrepreneurship ecosystem, has expanded from Lower Manhattan into Brooklyn. See also: Culture of New York City and Media of New York City. The Brooklyn Museum on Eastern Parkway. The Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Arch at Grand Army Plaza. Main article: Culture of Brooklyn. Brooklyn has played a major role in various aspects of American culture including literature, cinema, and theater. The Brooklyn accent has often been portrayed as the “typical New York accent” in American media, although this accent and stereotype are supposedly fading out. [103] Brooklyn’s official colors are blue and gold. Brooklyn hosts the world-renowned Brooklyn Academy of Music, the Brooklyn Philharmonic, and the second-largest public art collection in the United States, housed in the Brooklyn Museum. The Brooklyn Museum, opened in 1897, is New York City’s second-largest public art museum. It has in its permanent collection more than 1.5 million objects, from ancient Egyptian masterpieces to contemporary art. The Brooklyn Children’s Museum, the world’s first museum dedicated to children, opened in December 1899. The only such New York State institution accredited by the American Alliance of Museums, it is one of the few globally to have a permanent collection – over 30,000 cultural objects and natural history specimens. The Brooklyn Academy of Music (BAM) includes a 2,109-seat opera house, an 874-seat theater, and the art-house BAM Rose Cinemas. Ann’s Warehouse are on the other side of Downtown Brooklyn in the DUMBO arts district. Brooklyn Technical High School has the second-largest auditorium in New York City (after Radio City Music Hall), with a seating capacity of over 3,000. Brooklyn has several local newspapers: The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, Bay Currents (Oceanfront Brooklyn), Brooklyn View, The Brooklyn Paper, and Courier-Life Publications. Courier-Life Publications, owned by Rupert Murdoch’s News Corporation, is Brooklyn’s largest chain of newspapers. Brooklyn is also served by the major New York dailies, including The New York Times, the New York Daily News, and the New York Post. The borough is home to the arts and politics monthly Brooklyn Rail, as well as the arts and cultural quarterly Cabinet. Is also published in Brooklyn. Brooklyn Magazine is one of the few glossy magazines about Brooklyn. Several others are now defunct, including BKLYN Magazine (a bimonthly lifestyle book owned by Joseph McCarthy, that saw itself as a vehicle for high-end advertisers in Manhattan and was mailed to 80,000 high-income households), Brooklyn Bridge Magazine, The Brooklynite (a free, glossy quarterly edited by Daniel Treiman), and NRG (edited by Gail Johnson and originally marketed as a local periodical for Clinton Hill and Fort Greene, but expanded in scope to become the self-proclaimed “Pulse of Brooklyn” and then the “Pulse of New York”). Brooklyn has a thriving ethnic press. El Diario La Prensa, the largest and oldest Spanish-language daily newspaper in the United States, maintains its corporate headquarters at 1 MetroTech Center in downtown Brooklyn. [107] Major ethnic publications include the Brooklyn-Queens Catholic paper The Tablet, Hamodia, an Orthodox Jewish daily and The Jewish Press, an Orthodox Jewish weekly. Many nationally distributed ethnic newspapers are based in Brooklyn. Over 60 ethnic groups, writing in 42 languages, publish some 300 non-English language magazines and newspapers in New York City. Among them is the quarterly “L’Idea”, a bilingual magazine printed in Italian and English since 1974. In addition, many newspapers published abroad, such as The Daily Gleaner and The Star of Jamaica, are available in Brooklyn. [citation needed] Our Time Press published weekly by DBG Media covers the Village of Brooklyn with a motto of “The Local paper with the Global-View”. The City of New York has an official television station, run by NYC Media, which features programming based in Brooklyn. Brooklyn Community Access Television is the borough’s public access channel. [108] Its studios are at the BRIC Arts Media venue, called BRIC House, located on Fulton Street in the Fort Greene section of the borough. The annual Coney Island Mermaid Parade (mid-to-late June) is a costume-and-float parade. Coney Island also hosts the annual Nathan’s Hot Dog Eating Contest (July 4). The annual Labor Day Carnival (also known as the Labor Day Parade or West Indian Day Parade) takes place along Eastern Parkway in Crown Heights. The Art of Brooklyn Film Festival runs annually around the second week of June. Parks and other attractions. See also: Tourism in New York City. Kwanzan Cherries in bloom at Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Astroland in Coney Island. Brooklyn Botanic Garden: adjacent to Prospect Park is the 52-acre (21 ha) botanical garden, which includes a cherry tree esplanade, a one-acre (0.4 ha) rose garden, a Japanese hill, and pond garden, a fragrance garden, a water lily pond esplanade, several conservatories, a rock garden, a native flora garden, a bonsai tree collection, and children’s gardens and discovery exhibits. Coney Island developed as a playground for the rich in the early 1900s, but it grew as one of America’s first amusement grounds and attracted crowds from all over New York. The Cyclone rollercoaster, built-in 1927, is on the National Register of Historic Places. The 1920 Wonder Wheel and other rides are still operational. Coney Island went into decline in the 1970s but has undergone a renaissance. Floyd Bennett Field: the first municipal airport in New York City and long-closed for operations, is now part of the National Park System. Many of the historic hangars and runways are still extant. Nature trails and diverse habitats are found within the park, including salt marsh and a restored area of shortgrass prairie that was once widespread on the Hempstead Plains. Green-Wood Cemetery, founded by the social reformer Henry Evelyn Pierrepont in 1838, is an early Rural cemetery. It is the burial ground of many notable New Yorkers. Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge: a unique Federal wildlife refuge straddling the Brooklyn-Queens border, part of Gateway National Recreation Area. New York Transit Museum displays historical artifacts of Greater New York’s subway, commuter rail, and bus systems; it is at Court Street, a former Independent Subway System station in Brooklyn Heights on the Fulton Street Line. Prospect Park is a public park in central Brooklyn encompassing 585 acres (2.37 km2). [113] The park was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux, who created Manhattan’s Central Park. Attractions include the Long Meadow, a 90-acre (36 ha) meadow, the Picnic House, which houses offices and a hall that can accommodate parties with up to 175 guests; Litchfield Villa, Prospect Park Zoo, the Boathouse, housing a visitors center and the first urban Audubon Center;[114] Brooklyn’s only lake, covering 60 acres (24 ha); the Prospect Park Bandshell that hosts free outdoor concerts in the summertime; and various sports and fitness activities including seven baseball fields. Prospect Park hosts a popular annual Halloween Parade. Fort Greene Park is a public park in the Fort Greene Neighborhood. Main article: Sports in Brooklyn. Barclays Center in Pacific Park within Prospect Heights, home of the Nets and Liberty. Brooklyn’s major professional sports team is the NBA’s Brooklyn Nets. The Nets moved into the borough in 2012, and play their home games at Barclays Center in Prospect Heights. Previously, the Nets had played in Uniondale, New York and in New Jersey. Barclays Center was also the home arena for the NHL’s New York Islanders full-time from 2015 to 2018, then part-time from 2018 to 2020 (alternating with Nassau Coliseum in Uniondale). The Islanders had originally played at Nassau Coliseum full-time since their inception until 2015, when their lease at the venue expired and the team moved to Barclays Center. In 2020, the team will return to Nassau Coliseum full-time for one season before moving to their new permanent home at Belmont Park in 2021. Brooklyn also has a storied sports history. It has been home to many famous sports figures such as Joe Paterno, Vince Lombardi, Mike Tyson, Joe Torre, Sandy Koufax, Billy Cunningham and Vitas Gerulaitis. Basketball legend Michael Jordan was born in Brooklyn though he grew up in Wilmington, North Carolina. In the earliest days of organized baseball, Brooklyn teams dominated the new game. The second recorded game of baseball was played near what is today Fort Greene Park on October 24, 1845. Brooklyn’s Excelsiors, Atlantics and Eckfords were the leading teams from the mid-1850s through the Civil War, and there were dozens of local teams with neighborhood league play, such as at Mapleton Oval. [115] During this “Brooklyn era”, baseball evolved into the modern game: the first fastball, first changeup, first batting average, first triple play, first pro baseball player, first enclosed ballpark, first scorecard, first known African-American team, first black championship game, first road trip, first gambling scandal, and first eight pennant winners were all in or from Brooklyn. Brooklyn’s most famous historical team, the Brooklyn Dodgers, named for “trolley dodgers” played at Ebbets Field. [117] In 1947 Jackie Robinson was hired by the Dodgers as the first African-American player in Major League Baseball in the modern era. In 1955, the Dodgers, perennial National League pennant winners, won the only World Series for Brooklyn against their rival New York Yankees. The event was marked by mass euphoria and celebrations. Just two years later, the Dodgers moved to Los Angeles. Walter O’Malley, the team’s owner at the time, is still vilified, even by Brooklynites too young to remember the Dodgers as Brooklyn’s ball club. They are an affiliate of the New York Mets. The New York Cosmos of the NASL began playing at MCU Park in 2017. Brooklyn once had a National Football League team named the Brooklyn Lions in 1926, who played at Ebbets Field. Rugby United New York joined Major League Rugby in 2019, and play their home games at MCU Park. Brooklyn has one of the most active recreational fishing fleets in the United States. In addition to a large private fleet along Jamaica Bay, there is a substantial public fleet within Sheepshead Bay. Species caught include Black Fish, Porgy, Striped Bass, Black Sea Bass, Fluke, and Flounder. See also: Transportation in New York City. About 57 percent of all households in Brooklyn were households without automobiles. The citywide rate is 55 percent in New York City. Coney Island – Stillwell Avenue subway station. Atlantic Terminal is a major hub in Brooklyn. Brooklyn features extensive public transit. Nineteen New York City Subway services, including the Franklin Avenue Shuttle, traverse the borough. Approximately 92.8% of Brooklyn residents traveling to Manhattan use the subway, despite the fact some neighborhoods like Flatlands and Marine Park are poorly served by subway service. Major stations, out of the 170 currently in Brooklyn, include. Atlantic Avenue – Barclays Center. Jay Street – MetroTech. Coney Island – Stillwell Avenue[124]. Proposed New York City Subway lines never built include a line along Nostrand or Utica Avenues to Marine Park, [125] as well as a subway line to Spring Creek. Brooklyn was once served by an extensive network of streetcars, but many were replaced by the public bus network that covers the entire borough. There is also daily express bus service into Manhattan. [128] New York’s famous yellow cabs also provide transportation in Brooklyn, although they are less numerous in the borough. There are three commuter rail stations in Brooklyn: East New York, Nostrand Avenue, and Atlantic Terminal, the terminus of the Atlantic Branch of the Long Island Rail Road. The terminal is near the Atlantic Avenue – Barclays Center subway station, with ten connecting subway services. In February 2015, Mayor Bill de Blasio announced that the city government would begin a citywide ferry service called NYC Ferry to extend ferry transportation to communities in the city that have been traditionally underserved by public transit. [129][130] The ferry opened in May 2017, [131][132] with the Bay Ridge ferry serving southwestern Brooklyn and the East River Ferry serving northwestern Brooklyn. A third route, the Rockaway ferry, makes one stop in the borough at Brooklyn Army Terminal. A streetcar line, the Brooklyn-Queens Connector, was proposed by the city in February 2016, [134] with the planned timeline calling for service to begin around 2024. See also: Brooklyn streets and List of lettered Brooklyn avenues. View of Eastern Parkway looking toward the Brooklyn Museum, cellulose nitrate negative photograph by Eugene Wemlinger c. The Marine Parkway Bridge. Williamsburg Bridge, as seen from Wallabout Bay with Greenpoint and Long Island City in background. Most of the limited-access expressways and parkways are in the western and southern sections of Brooklyn, where the borough’s two interstate highways are located; Interstate 278, which uses the Gowanus Expressway and the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway, traverses Sunset Park and Brooklyn Heights, while Interstate 478 is an unsigned route designation for the Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel, which connects to Manhattan. [136] Other prominent roadways are the Prospect Expressway (New York State Route 27), the Belt Parkway, and the Jackie Robinson Parkway (formerly the Interborough Parkway). Planned expressways that were never built include the Bushwick Expressway, an extension of I-78[137] and the Cross-Brooklyn Expressway, I-878. [138] Major thoroughfares include Atlantic Avenue, Fourth Avenue, 86th Street, Kings Highway, Bay Parkway, Ocean Parkway, Eastern Parkway, Linden Boulevard, McGuinness Boulevard, Flatbush Avenue, Pennsylvania Avenue, and Nostrand Avenue. Much of Brooklyn has only named streets, but Park Slope, Bay Ridge, Sunset Park, Bensonhurst, and Borough Park and the other western sections have numbered streets running approximately northwest to southeast, and numbered avenues going approximately northeast to southwest. East of Dahill Road, lettered avenues (like Avenue M) run east and west, and numbered streets have the prefix “East”. South of Avenue O, related numbered streets west of Dahill Road use the “West” designation. This set of numbered streets ranges from West 37th Street to East 108 Street, and the avenues range from A-Z with names substituted for some of them in some neighborhoods (notably Albemarle, Beverley, Cortelyou, Dorchester, Ditmas, Foster, Farragut, Glenwood, Quentin). Numbered streets prefixed by “North” and “South” in Williamsburg, and “Bay”, “Beach”, “Brighton”, “Plumb”, “Paerdegat” or “Flatlands” along the southern and southwestern waterfront are loosely based on the old grids of the original towns of Kings County that eventually consolidated to form Brooklyn. These names often reflect the bodies of water or beaches around them, such as Plumb Beach or Paerdegat Basin. Brooklyn is connected to Manhattan by three bridges, the Brooklyn, Manhattan, and Williamsburg Bridges; a vehicular tunnel, the Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel also known as the Hugh L. Carey Tunnel; and several subway tunnels. The Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge links Brooklyn with the more suburban borough of Staten Island. Though much of its border is on land, Brooklyn shares several water crossings with Queens, including the Pulaski Bridge, the Greenpoint Avenue Bridge, the Kosciuszko Bridge (part of the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway), and the Grand Street Bridge, all of which carry traffic over Newtown Creek, and the Marine Parkway Bridge connecting Brooklyn to the Rockaway Peninsula. The Queen Mary 2, one of the world’s largest ocean liners, was designed specifically to fit under the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge, the longest suspension bridge in the United States. She makes regular ports of call at the Red Hook terminal on her transatlantic crossings from Southampton, England. In February 2015, Mayor Bill de Blasio announced that the city government would begin NYC Ferry to extend ferry transportation to traditionally underserved communities in the city. [129][130] The ferry opened in May 2017, [131][132] offering commuter services from the western shore of Brooklyn to Manhattan via three routes. The East River Ferry serves points in Lower Manhattan, Midtown, Long Island City, and northwestern Brooklyn via its East River route. The South Brooklyn and Rockaway routes serve southwestern Brooklyn before terminating in lower Manhattan. Ferries to Coney Island are also planned. [133] NY Waterway offers tours and charters. SeaStreak also offers a weekday ferry service between the Brooklyn Army Terminal and the Manhattan ferry slips at Pier 11/Wall Street downtown and East 34th Street Ferry Landing in midtown. Manhattan Bridge seen from Brooklyn Bridge Park. See also: Education in New York City and List of high schools in New York City. Brooklyn Tech as seen from Ashland Place in Fort Greene. The Brooklyn College library, part of the original campus laid out by Randolph Evans, now known as “East Quad”. Brooklyn Law School’s 1994 new classical “Fell Hall” tower, by architect Robert A. NYU Tandon Wunsch Building. Francis College Administration Building. Education in Brooklyn is provided by a vast number of public and private institutions. Public schools in the borough are managed by the New York City Department of Education, the largest public school system. Brooklyn Technical High School (commonly called Brooklyn Tech), a New York City public high school, is the largest specialized high school for science, mathematics, and technology in the United States. [139] Brooklyn Tech opened in 1922. Brooklyn Tech is across the street from Fort Greene Park. It covers about half of a city block. [140] Brooklyn Tech is noted for its famous alumni[141] (including two Nobel Laureates), its academics, and a large number of graduates attending prestigious universities. Brooklyn College is a senior college of the City University of New York, and was the first public coeducational liberal arts college in New York City. The College ranked in the top 10 nationally for the second consecutive year in Princeton Review’s 2006 guidebook, America’s Best Value Colleges. Many of its students are first and second-generation Americans. Founded in 1970, Medgar Evers College is a senior college of the City University of New York, with a mission to develop and maintain high quality, professional, career-oriented undergraduate degree programs in the context of a liberal arts education. The college offers programs at the baccalaureate and associate degree levels, as well as adult and continuing education classes for central Brooklyn residents, corporations, government agencies, and community organizations. Medgar Evers College is a few blocks east of Prospect Park in Crown Heights. CUNY’s New York City College of Technology (City Tech) of The City University of New York (CUNY) (Downtown Brooklyn/Brooklyn Heights) is the largest public college of technology in New York State and a national model for technological education. Established in 1946, City Tech can trace its roots to 1881 when the Technical Schools of the Metropolitan Museum of Art were renamed the New York Trade School. That institution-which became the Voorhees Technical Institute many decades later-was soon a model for the development of technical and vocational schools worldwide. In 1971, Voorhees was incorporated into City Tech. SUNY Downstate College of Medicine, founded as the Long Island College Hospital in 1860, is the oldest hospital-based medical school in the United States. The Medical Center comprises the College of Medicine, College of Health Related Professions, College of Nursing, School of Public Health, School of Graduate Studies, and University Hospital of Brooklyn. The Nobel Prize winner Robert F. Furchgott was a member of its faculty. Half of the Medical Center’s students are minorities or immigrants. The College of Medicine has the highest percentage of minority students of any medical school in New York State. Brooklyn Law School was founded in 1901 and is notable for its diverse student body. Women and African Americans were enrolled in 1909. According to the Leiter Report, a compendium of law school rankings published by Brian Leiter, Brooklyn Law School places 31st nationally for the quality of students. Long Island University is a private university headquartered in Brookville on Long Island, with a campus in Downtown Brooklyn with 6,417 undergraduate students. The Brooklyn campus has a strong science and medical technology programs, at the graduate and undergraduate levels. Pratt Institute, in Clinton Hill, is a private college founded in 1887 with programs in engineering, architecture, and the arts. Some buildings in the school’s Brooklyn campus are official landmarks. Pratt has over 4700 students, with most at its Brooklyn campus. Graduate programs include a library and information science, architecture, and urban planning. Undergraduate programs include architecture, construction management, writing, critical and visual studies, industrial design and fine arts, totaling over 25 programs in all. The New York University Tandon School of Engineering, the United States’ second oldest private institute of technology, founded in 1854, has its main campus in Downtown’s MetroTech Center, a commercial, civic and educational redevelopment project of which it was a key sponsor. NYU-Tandon is one of the 18 schools and colleges that comprise New York University (NYU). [143][144][145][146]. Francis College is a Catholic college in Brooklyn Heights founded in 1859 by Franciscan friars. Today, over 2,400 students attend the small liberal arts college. Francis is considered by The New York Times as one of the more diverse colleges, and was ranked one of the best baccalaureate colleges by Forbes magazine and U. News & World Report. Brooklyn also has smaller liberal arts institutions, such as Saint Joseph’s College in Clinton Hill and Boricua College in Williamsburg. Kingsborough Community College is a junior college in the City University of New York system in Manhattan Beach. The Central Library at Grand Army Plaza. As an independent system, separate from the New York and Queens public library systems, the Brooklyn Public Library[150] offers thousands of public programs, millions of books, and use of more than 850 free Internet-accessible computers. It also has books and periodicals in all the major languages spoken in Brooklyn, including English, Russian, Chinese, Spanish, Hebrew, and Haitian Creole, as well as French, Yiddish, Hindi, Bengali, Polish, Italian, and Arabic. The Central Library is a landmarked building facing Grand Army Plaza. There are 58 library branches, placing one within a half-mile of each Brooklyn resident. In addition to its specialized Business Library in Brooklyn Heights, the Library is preparing to construct its new Visual & Performing Arts Library (VPA) in the BAM Cultural District, which will focus on the link between new and emerging arts and technology and house traditional and digital collections. It will provide access and training to arts applications and technologies not widely available to the public. The collections will include the subjects of art, theater, dance, music, film, photography, and architecture. A special archive will house the records and history of Brooklyn’s arts communities. Partnerships with districts of foreign cities. See also: New York City § Sister cities. Anzio, Lazio, Italy (since 1990). Gdynia, Poland (since 1991)[151]. Besiktas, Istanbul Province, Turkey (since 2005)[152]. Leopoldstadt, Vienna, Austria (since 2007)[153][154][155]. London Borough of Lambeth, United Kingdom[156]. Bnei Brak, Israel[157]. Konak, Izmir, Turkey (since 2010)[158]. Chaoyang District, Beijing, China (since 2014)[159]. Yiwu, China (since 2014)[159]. Üsküdar, Istanbul, Turkey (since 2015)[160]. A car dealership, or vehicle local distribution, is a business that sells new or used cars at the retail level, based on a dealership contract with an automaker or its sales subsidiary. It can also carry a variety of Certified Pre-Owned vehicles. It employs automobile salespeople to sell their automotive vehicles. History of car dealerships in the United States. The first dealership in the United States was established in 1898 by William E. Today, direct sales by an automaker to consumers are limited by most states in the U. [1] The first woman car dealer in the United States was Rachel “Mommy” Krouse who in 1903 opened her business, Krouse Motor Car Company, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Car dealerships are usually franchised to sell and service vehicles by specific companies. They are often located on properties offering enough room to have buildings housing a showroom, mechanical service, and body repair facilities, as well as to provide storage for used and new vehicles. Many dealerships are located out of town or on the edge of town centers. An example of a traditional single proprietorship car dealership was Collier Motors in North Carolina. [3] Many modern dealerships are now part of corporate-owned chains such as AutoNation with over 300 franchises. Dealership profits in the US mainly come from servicing, some from used cars, and little from new cars. Most automotive manufacturers have shifted the focus of their franchised retailers to branding and technology. New or refurbished facilities are required to have a standard look for its dealerships and have product experts to liaise with customers. [5][6] Audi has experimented with a hi-tech showroom that allows customers to configure and experience cars on 1:1 scale digital screens. [7][8] In markets where it is permitted, Mercedes-Benz opened city centre brand stores. Tesla Motors has rejected the dealership sales model based on the idea that dealerships do not properly explain the advantages of their cars, and they could not rely on third party dealerships to handle their sales. [10] In response, Tesla has opened city centre galleries where prospective customers can view cars that can only be ordered online. [11][12] These stores were inspired by the Apple Stores. [13] Tesla’s model was the first of its kind, and has given them unique advantages as a new car company. Multiple studies have shown that franchises increase car costs by nearly 10%. Additionally, the issuance of new dealership licenses is subject to geographical restriction; if there is already a dealership for a company in an area, no one else can open one. This has led to dealerships becoming in essence hereditary, with families running dealerships in an area since the original issuance of their license with no fear of competition or any need to prove qualification or consumer benefit (beyond proving they meet minimum legal standards), as franchises in most jurisdictions can only be withdrawn for illegal activity and no other reason. This has led to consumer campaigns for establishment or reform, which have been met by huge lobbying efforts by franchise holders. New companies trying to enter the market, such as Tesla, have been restricted by this model and have either been forced out or been forced to work around the franchise model, facing constant legal pressure. Multibrand and multimaker car dealers sell cars from different and independent carmakers. [18][19] Some are specialized in electric vehicles. Auto transport is used to move vehicles from the factory to the dealerships. It was largely a commercial activity conducted by manufacturers, dealers, and brokers. Internet use has encouraged this niche service to expand and reach the general consumer marketplace. Car dealerships in the United States. List of auto dealership and repair shop buildings.
3 RARE Photos Car Dealer Street automobile Manhattan Ave Brooklyn NY c 1914
Pacific_Branch_National_Home_For_Disabled_Soldiers_Los_Angeles_1907_Photos_01_xgm

Pacific Branch National Home For Disabled Soldiers Los Angeles 1907 Photos

Pacific Branch National Home For Disabled Soldiers Los Angeles 1907 Photos
Pacific Branch National Home For Disabled Soldiers Los Angeles 1907 Photos
Pacific Branch National Home For Disabled Soldiers Los Angeles 1907 Photos
Pacific Branch National Home For Disabled Soldiers Los Angeles 1907 Photos
Pacific Branch National Home For Disabled Soldiers Los Angeles 1907 Photos
Pacific Branch National Home For Disabled Soldiers Los Angeles 1907 Photos
Pacific Branch National Home For Disabled Soldiers Los Angeles 1907 Photos
Pacific Branch National Home For Disabled Soldiers Los Angeles 1907 Photos

Pacific Branch National Home For Disabled Soldiers Los Angeles 1907 Photos
This vintage book from 1907 features beautiful illustrations and photographs of the Pacific Branch National Home For Disabled Soldiers in Los Angeles County, California. The softcover wraps add to the unique character of this original piece, which was printed by Ed. The book is written in English and covers topics such as photography and art & photography. The subject matter of the book is the Pacific Branch National Home For Disabled Soldiers, which was an important aspect of American history. The book is a great addition to any collection of antique books and would make a fantastic gift for anyone interested in vintage photography or American history. 17 pages interior clean / string holding pages together needs replaced or tightened / rear cover ripped as pictured / beautiful pictures and extremely rare to find.
Pacific Branch National Home For Disabled Soldiers Los Angeles 1907 Photos
1940s_ORIGINAL_JAPANESE_AMERICAN_LOS_ANGELES_RPPC_AND_PHOTOS_VERY_RARE_VINTAGE_01_azy

1940s ORIGINAL JAPANESE AMERICAN LOS ANGELES RPPC AND PHOTOS VERY RARE VINTAGE

1940s ORIGINAL JAPANESE AMERICAN LOS ANGELES RPPC AND PHOTOS VERY RARE VINTAGE
1940s ORIGINAL JAPANESE AMERICAN LOS ANGELES RPPC AND PHOTOS VERY RARE VINTAGE
1940s ORIGINAL JAPANESE AMERICAN LOS ANGELES RPPC AND PHOTOS VERY RARE VINTAGE
1940s ORIGINAL JAPANESE AMERICAN LOS ANGELES RPPC AND PHOTOS VERY RARE VINTAGE

1940s ORIGINAL JAPANESE AMERICAN LOS ANGELES RPPC AND PHOTOS VERY RARE VINTAGE
2 RPPC AND 2 PHOTOS MEASURING APPROXIMATELY 4X6 INCHES AND 2 3/4 X 4 3/8 INCHES. LARGER PHOTO HAS LOS ANGELES STAMP ON BACK. ONE RPPC ON FRONT HAS PENCIL WRITING T. ONE RPPC IS TORN NEAR THE YOUNG GIRL MIDDLE LEFT. There is a Japanese American and a Japanese national population in Los Angeles and Greater Los Angeles. Los Angeles has become a hub for people of Japanese descent for generations in areas like Little Tokyo and Boyle Heights. As of 2017, Los Angeles has a Japanese and Japanese American population was around 110,000 people. This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. After the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, Japanese immigration to the United States increased drastically throughout the 1800s. By 1910, Los Angeles had the highest percentage of Japanese and Japanese descendants in the country. Japanese immigrants took on the low-wage jobs that were once held by Chinese Immigrants and settled in cities like San Francisco. Japanese immigrants were once recruited to come to the United States to take on jobs on railroads but quickly turned to agriculture as a means of work in Southern California. In 1905, the Los Angeles Herald-Examiner published an article on the “yellow peril” and related it to Japanese immigrants, as its original creation was against people of Chinese descent. [3] The first group traveled from San Francisco after experiencing anti-Asian sentiment in that city. [4] The early 1900s saw an increase of racism and xenophobia in California to the point where Asian children were being segregated in public schools in San Francisco. [3] After the 1906 earthquake in Northern California, around 2,000-3,000 Japanese immigrants moved to Los Angeles and created areas like Little Tokyo on East Alameda. [3] As the community continued to grow, Little Tokyo extended to the First Street Corridor in Boyle Heights, in the early 1910s. Boyle Heights was Los Angeles’s largest residential communities of Japanese immigrants and Americans, apart from Little Tokyo. In the early 1910s, Boyle Heights was one of the only communities that did not have restricted housing covenants that discriminated against Japanese and other people of color. [5] Boyle Heights was a bustling interracial community where people of different ethnic backgrounds lived amongst each other. In the 1920s and 1930s, Boyle Heights became the center of significant churches, temples, and schools for the Japanese community, These include the Tenrikyo Junior Church of America at 2727 E. 1st Street (1937-39), the Konko Church at 2924 E. 1st Street (1937-38), and the Higashi Honganji Buddhist Temple (1926-27), all designed by Yos Hirose, and the Japanese Baptist Church at 2923 E. 2nd Street (1926; extant but altered) built by the Los Angeles City Baptist Missionary Society in 1926-29. [3] A hospital, also designed by Hirose, opened in 1929 to serve the Japanese American community. Families of Japanese ancestry being removed from Los Angeles, California during World War II. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Japanese American internment processing in Los Angeles. As of December 1941 there were 37,000 ethnic Japanese people in Los Angeles County. Not long after the attack on Pearl Harbor, President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066, which authorized military commanders to exclude “any or all persons” from certain areas in the name of national defense, the Western Defense Command began ordering Japanese Americans living on the West Coast to present themselves for “evacuation” from the newly created military zones. This included many Los Angeles families. After the war, due to lack of housing in Little Tokyo, many Japanese Americans returning from the camps moved into neighborhoods surrounding the downtown area, into apartments and boarding houses. Notably, Boyle Heights, just east of Little Tokyo, had a large Japanese American population in the 1950s (as it had before the internment) until the arrival of Mexican and Latino immigrants replaced most of them. In 1981, public hearings were held by the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians at the Los Angeles State Building as part of a government investigation into the constitutionality of the World War II internment of Japanese Americans. More than 150 people participated in the Los Angeles hearings. Exterior of Holiday Bowl, designed by architect Helen Liu Fong, in 2002. Little Tokyo in Downtown Los Angeles is the main historical Japantown of Los Angeles. Sawtelle housed a Japantown that became known as “Little Osaka”. Jack Fujimoto, author of Sawtelle: West Los Angeles’s Japantown, wrote that the name was given because of the many colorful eateries and shops. “[8] The city put up community signs “Sawtelle Japantown for this area on April 1, 2015. [9] After court ruling that the segregation covenants in the Crenshaw district were unconstitutional, the area opened up to other races. A large Japanese American settlement ensued, which can still be found along Coliseum Street, east and west of Crenshaw Boulevard. [10] The Holiday Bowl was built by Japanese entrepreneurs as a combination bowling alley, pool hall, bar and coffee shop in 1958 and served Crenshaw’s Japanese residents who “had not long before suffered Manzanar’s internment camps and a blanket racial ban by the American Bowling Congress”. [11] Blacks started arriving in the 1960s, and by the 1970s were the majority. The interior of the Mitsuwa in Torrance. As of 2014 Torrance has the second largest concentration of ethnic Japanese people of any U. The city has headquarters of Japanese automakers and offices of other Japanese companies. [12] Because of this many Japanese restaurants and other Japanese cultural offerings are in the city, and Willy Blackmore of L. Weekly wrote that Torrance was “essentially Japan’s 48th prefecture”. [13] A Mitsuwa supermarket, Japanese schools, and Japanese banks serve the community. In the pre-World War II period the South Bay region was one of the few areas that allowed non-U. Citizens to acquire property, so a Japanese presence came. According to John Kaji, a Torrance resident quoted in Public Radio International who was the son of Toyota’s first American-based accountant, the Japanese corporate presence in Torrance, beginning with Toyota, attracted many ethnic Japanese. Toyota moved its operations to its Torrance campus in 1982 because of its proximity to the Port of Long Beach and Los Angeles International Airport, and it was followed by many other Japanese companies. As of 1988 Gardena also has a large Japanese-American community. [14] Early in Gardena’s history, Japanese migrants played a role in the agrarian economy. Jack Rodman, a managing partner of the accounting firm Kenneth Leventhal & Co. Stated in 1989 that the most preferred place for Japanese businesspeople to settle is the Palos Verdes Peninsula, citing the inexpensiveness compared to Bel Air, Brentwood, and Pacific Palisades, proximity to the ocean, and the ranch-style houses because they are more like a Japanese home–single-story, spread out. [16] He stated that the other preferred places were Pasadena, San Marino, and Arcadia. [16] In addition Rodman said some Japanese businesspeople liked to settle in Hancock Park in the City of Los Angeles; Hancock Park is in proximity to the Consulate-General of Japan in Los Angeles. As of 2010, according to the report “A Community Of Contrasts: Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders in Los Angeles County” by the nonprofit group Asian Americans Advancing Justice – Los Angeles (formerly the Asian Pacific American Legal Center), of the Asian ethnic groups, 70% of Japanese Americans were born in the U. The highest such rate of the Asian ethnic groups. In 1986 Hiroshi Matsuoka, the Japan Business Association of Southern California (JBA, ??????? Minami Kariforunia Nikkei Kigyo Kyokai) executive director, stated that there were about 3,500 Japanese nationals working for 530 branch companies of Japanese companies in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. American Honda Motor Company headquarters in Torrance. The city of Torrance has headquarters of Japanese automakers and offices of other Japanese companies. [13] The headquarters of American Honda Motor Company, Honda’s North American division, is located in Torrance. [19] Toyota Motor Sales, U. Division of Toyota, has its headquarters in Torrance. [20] Toyota has plans in 2014 to move its headquarters to suburban Dallas, Texas in the next few years. [21] All Nippon Airways operates its United States headquarters, a customer relations and services office, in Torrance. [22] Also the Japanese supermarket chains Mitsuwa Marketplace[23] and Nijiya Market[24] are headquartered in Torrance. Former Toyota Motor Sales, U. Japan Airlines moved its U. Headquarters to El Segundo in 2003. [25] Nissan previously had its North American headquarters in Carson. In the summer of 2006 the Nissan headquarters moved to Tennessee. As of 1987, the membership list of the Japanese Business Association of Southern California stated that in an area between Los Angeles International Airport and the Port of Los Angeles, there were 194 Japanese companies which had branch operations. [19] In 1989, Sadao “Bill” Kita, the executive director of the JBA, stated that there were 693 Japanese companies with offices in Southern California. In a period before 1994, the peak number of Japanese expatriate executives and managers in Southern California was 3,800. In 1994, according to Kita, the number declined to 615. The number of expatriate managers and executives, by that year, had declined to 3,400. At that point, Japan was experiencing an economic recession. In 1979 there were two full-time and part-time schools in Greater Los Angeles catering to Japanese national students. They had a total of 356 students. In the 1980s the increase in Japanese businesses resulted in an increase in enrollment in full-time and part-time schools catering to Japanese national students. In 1987, there were three school campuses with 4,430 students. The campuses were located in Gardena, Hermosa Beach, and Torrance. As of 1989, the Torrance Unified School District and the Palos Verdes Peninsula Unified School District had 42% of all Japanese-speaking students enrolled by the 100 school districts in Los Angeles County. The Palos Verdes district had 346 students born in Japan in 1985, while the number increased to 434 in 1988. The Nishiyamato Academy of California is located in Lomita. [28] The school opened in April 1992. It was founded by Ryotaro Tanose, a Japanese Diet member, as a branch of the Nishiyamato Gakuen Junior and Senior High School (Nishiyamato Academy) in Kawai, Nara Prefecture. It was originally located in the former Dapplegray School building in Rolling Hills Estates. In 1993 the school served grades 6 through 8 and had 38 students. In 1994 it served grades 5 through 9 and had 71 students. There was previously another full-time Japanese school, the International Bilingual School, founded to educate children of Japanese nationals working for companies such as Honda and Toyota. [29] The school opened in Torrance in 1979, later moved to Hermosa Beach, before moving to a Palos Verdes school district facility in Palos Verdes Estates in 1992. [27] By 2002 the school district had filed suit to force the International Bilingual School to leave the school property. Asahi Gakuen (??? “School of the Rising Sun”) is a part-time Japanese school in the Los Angeles area. [19][31] The school was founded by the Association for the Promotion of Japanese Language Education in Los Angeles. In 1988, the school had 2,500 students. [32] The school teaches the Japanese language, science, social sciences, and mathematics. [32] As of 1987 the school teaches all four aspects in each school day. [19] The Japan Traders’ Club of Los Angeles (Nihon Boeki Konwa-kai), as of 1997, financially supports the school. The main campus of the East-West Japanese School (San’iku Tozai Gakuen) is located in Gardena, adjacent to the Gardena Seventh-day Adventist Church and across from the Gardena Civic Center. [19] It also has branch campuses: the Rolling Hills Campus (???????? Roringuhiruzu Ko) in Rolling Hills Estates and the Irvine/Costa Mesa Campus (????? /????? Abain/Kosutamesa Ko) in Costa Mesa. [33] Its primary customer base consists of Japanese children who are enrolled in American schools. As of 1987 most of its students are from Buddhist families. The school offers two hour classes on weeknights. As of 1987 the Southern California Conference of Seventh-day Adventists does outreach to the Japanese community by sponsoring the East-West School. That year, the principal, Akira Nakamura, stated that students do 10-minute bible studies as part of the program even though most students are not Christian. Nishiyamato Academy offers its own Saturday school program. The Japanese Language School Unified System, founded in 1949, included a main campus in Los Angeles and a branch campus in Sun Valley as of 1988. The San Fernando Valley Japanese Language Institute in Arleta was founded circa 1928. The Rafu Chuo Gakuen is a part time Japanese language school that is located Saratoga Street in Boyle Heights. Founded in February 1929, under the name Tokiwa Gakuen but later moved that same year and was renamed Boyle Heights Chuo Gakuen. [36] By 1932, Boyle Heights Chuo Gakuen, to its present-day location in Boyle Heights and assumed the name Rafu Chuo Gakuen. Rafu Chuo Gakuen has served as a cultural and language center for children of all ages in the Japanese community. [36] It is part of the Kyodo System of schools that focuses on fluency, cultural understanding, and history for children in elementary through high school. Japanese American National Museum in Little Tokyo. The Japanese American National Museum and the Japanese American Cultural and Community Center (JACCC) are located in Little Tokyo. The community center features the George J. Doizaki Gallery, the 880-seat Aratani/Japan America Theatre, the JACCC Plaza (designed by Isamu Noguchi), and the James Irvine Japanese Garden. The Japanese American Veterans Memorial Court was erected on the San Pedro Street side of the community center building to honor the Japanese Americans who died in service. Additionally, the Go For Broke Monument, which commemorates Japanese Americans who served in the United States Army during World War II is located on the north side of Little Tokyo, behind the museum. The Union Center for the Arts (former Japanese Union Church of Los Angeles) is located on Judge John Aiso Street. The Nisei Week festival is held early in August every year and is sponsored by various Little Tokyo businesses. Similar Japanese American Community Centers to the one in Little Tokyo were founded after the trauma of the internment of Japanese Americans. Because of the Japanese business presence, many Japanese restaurants and other Japanese cultural offerings are in Torrance, and Willy Blackmore of L. The OC Japan Fair takes place in Orange County. John Naka with his masterpiece Goshin at the United States National Arboretum. Brittany Ishibashi (born 1980), actress (Orange County)[40]. Lance Ito (born 1950), judge. Kyle Nakazawa (born 1988), soccer player. Thomas Noguchi (born 1927), medical examiner-coroner. Yuji Okumoto (born 1959), actor. Jolene Purdy (born 1983), actress (half-Japanese[41]) – From Torrance[42]. Miiko Taka (born 1925), actress. George Takei (born 1937), actor. Tamlyn Tomita (born 1966), actress. He Japanese American National Museum (, Zenbei Nikkeijin Hakubutsukan) is located in Los Angeles, California, and dedicated to preserving the history and culture of Japanese Americans. Founded in 1992, it is located in the Little Tokyo area near downtown. The museum is an affiliate within the Smithsonian Affiliations program. The museum covers more than 130 years of Japanese-American history, dating to the first Issei generation of immigrants. Its moving image archive contains over 100,000 feet (30,000 m) of 16 mm and 8 mm home movies made by and about Japanese Americans from the 1920s to the 1950s. It also contains artifacts, textiles, art, photographs, and oral histories of Japanese Americans. The Japanese American National Museum of Los Angeles and the Academy Film Archive collaborate to care for and provide access to home movies that document the Japanese-American experience. Established in 1992, the JANM Collection at the Academy Film Archive currently contains over 250 home movies and continues to grow. Activist Bruce Kaji and other notable Japanese-American individuals conceived of the idea of the museum. The community had become organized around gaining recognition of the injustice they had suffered from the federal government during World War II. The museum was conceived as a way to preserve the positive aspects of their full history and culture in the United States. When it first opened in 1992, the museum was housed in the 1925 historic Hompa Hongwanji Buddhist Temple building. Irene Hirano served as its first executive director and later as president and CEO of the museum. [3] In January 1999, the National Museum opened its current 85,000-square-foot (7,900 m2) Pavilion, designed under the supervision of architect Gyo Obata, to the public. [4] The temple building was used by government officials in 1942 to process Japanese Americans for wartime confinement. It is now used for offices and storage. In 1993 the museum was given hundreds of artifacts and letters from children in internment camps, which they had sent to San Diego librarian Clara Breed. The material was featured in an exhibit, “Dear Miss Breed”:Letters from Camp. It is now part of the museum’s permanent collection. In 1997, the Frank H. Watase Media Arts Center was established by Robert A. Nakamura and Karen L. Ishizuka, to develop new ways to document, preserve and make known the experience of Americans of Japanese ancestry. In 1999, the Manabi and Sumi Hirasaki National Resource Center (HNRC) was established to provide access to the museum’s information and resources, both at the facility and online. It documents the life and culture of the Japanese Americans. Akemi Kikumura Yano, author, [6] was the museum’s first curator. She succeeded Irene Hirano as President and CEO from 2008 until 2011. During her tenure, on December 2010, the museum was awarded the National Medal for Museum and Library Service. Greg Kimura, an Episcopal priest, was appointed the president and CEO of the museum, serving between 2012 and 2016. [8][9][10] During his time the museum experienced an economic downturn as he looked to promote untraditional exhibits and let go core staff members. He resigned in May 2016 to pursue other work opportunities. In 2016, Ann Burroughs was announced to replace him as the new interim CEO[12] and was officially selected shortly thereafter. Actor George Takei serves as a member of the museum’s board of trustees. He represented it as his charity during his time on The Celebrity Apprentice and during his appearance on The Newlywed Game. Ambox current red Asia Australia. This section’s factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. The museum’s current longterm exhibition is Common Ground: The Heart of Community, covering 130 years of Japanese American history, from the Issei and early immigration into the United States, World War II incarceration, to the present. Exploring the Supercute World of Hello Kitty (October 11, 2014 – May 31, 2015)[16]. Dodgers: Brotherhood of the Game (March 29 – September 14, 2014)[17][18]. Perseverance: Japanese Tattoo Tradition in a Modern World (March 8 – September 14, 2014)[19]. Marvels & Monsters: Unmasking Asian Images in U. Folding Paper: The Infinite Possibilities of Origami (March 10 – August 26, 2012)[21]. Drawing the Line: Japanese American Art, Design & Activism in Post-War Los Angeles (October 15, 2011 – February 19, 2012)[22][23]. Year of the Rabbit: Stan Sakai’s Usagi Yojimbo (July 9 – October 30, 2011)[24]. No Victory Ever Stays Won: The ACLU’s 90 Years of Protecting Liberty (November 21 – December 11, 2010). Mixed: Portraits of Multiracial Kids by Kip Fulbeck (March 20 – October 17, 2010)[25]. 20 Years Ago Today: Supporting Visual Artists in L. (October 4, 2008 – January 11, 2009)[26]. Glorious Excess (Born): Paintings by Linkin Park’s Mike Shinoda (July 12 – August 3, 2008)[27]. Living Flowers: Ikebana and Contemporary Art (June 15 – September 7, 2008)[28]. Southern California Gardeners’ Federation: Fifty Years (October 25 – November 13, 2005)[29]. Boyle Heights: The Power of Place (September 8, 2002 – February 23, 2003)[30]. Wrestling the Grand Tradition (July 3 – November 30, 1997)[31]. Dear Miss Breed: Letters from Camp (January 14 – April 13, 1997)[32]. Japanese Americans (Japanese:???? , Hepburn: Nikkei Amerikajin) are Americans who are fully or partially of Japanese descent, especially those who identify with that ancestry and its cultural characteristics. Japanese Americans were among the three largest Asian American ethnic communities during the 20th century; but, according to the 2000 census, they have declined in number to constitute the sixth largest Asian American group at around 773,000, including those of partial ancestry. [4] Southern California has the largest Japanese American population in North America and the city of Gardena holds the densest Japanese American population in the 48 contiguous states. Schools for Japanese Americans and Japanese nationals. Risk for inherited diseases. Japanese Americans by state. Works about Japanese Americans. Main articles: Japanese-American history, Japanese-American life before World War II, and Japanese-American life after World War II. A street in Seattle’s Nihonmachi in 1909. People from Japan began migrating to the US in significant numbers following the political, cultural, and social changes stemming from the Meiji Restoration in 1868. The Japanese population in the United States grew from 148 in 1880 (mostly students) to 2,039 in 1890 and 24,326 by 1900. In 1907, the Gentlemen’s Agreement between the governments of Japan and the United States ended immigration of Japanese unskilled workers, but permitted the immigration of businessmen, students and spouses of Japanese immigrants already in the US. Prior to the Gentlemen’s Agreement, about seven out of eight ethnic Japanese in the continental United States were men. By 1924, the ratio had changed to approximately four women to every six men. [8] Japanese immigration to the U. Effectively ended when Congress passed the Immigration Act of 1924 which banned all but a token few Japanese people. The earlier Naturalization Act of 1790 restricted naturalized United States citizenship to free white persons, which excluded the Issei from citizenship. As a result, the Issei were unable to vote and faced additional restrictions such as the inability to own land under many state laws. Because no new immigrants from Japan were permitted after 1924, almost all pre-World War II Japanese Americans born after this time were born in the United States. This generation, the Nisei, became a distinct cohort from the Issei generation in terms of age, citizenship, and English-language ability, in addition to the usual generational differences. Institutional and interpersonal racism led many of the Nisei to marry other Nisei, resulting in a third distinct generation of Japanese Americans, the Sansei. Significant Japanese immigration did not occur again until the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 ended 40 years of bans against immigration from Japan and other countries. In recent years, immigration from Japan has been more like that from Europe. The numbers involve on average 5 to 10 thousand per year, and is similar to the amount of immigration to the US from Germany. This is in stark contrast to the rest of Asia, where family reunification is the primary impetus for immigration. Main articles: Internment of Japanese Americans and Japanese American redress and court cases. Families of Japanese ancestry being removed from Los Angeles during World War II. During World War II, an estimated 120,000 Japanese Americans and Japanese nationals or citizens residing on the West Coast of the United States were forcibly interned in ten different camps across the Western United States. The internment was based on the race or ancestry, rather than the activities of the interned. Families, including children, were interned together. Four decades later, the Civil Liberties Act of 1988 officially acknowledged the “fundamental violations of the basic civil liberties and constitutional rights” of the internment. [10] Many Japanese-Americans consider the term internment camp a euphemism and prefer to refer to the forced relocation of Japanese-Americans as imprisonment in concentration camps. [11] Webster’s New World Fourth College Edition defines a concentration camp: A prison camp in which political dissidents, members of minority ethnic groups, etc. The nomenclature for each of their generations who are citizens or long-term residents of countries other than Japan, used by Japanese Americans and other nationals of Japanese descent are explained here; they are formed by combining one of the Japanese numbers corresponding to the generation with the Japanese word for generation (sei). The Japanese American communities have themselves distinguished their members with terms like Issei, Nisei, and Sansei, which describe the first, second, and third generations of immigrants. The fourth generation is called Yonsei , and the fifth is called Gosei. The term Nikkei encompasses Japanese immigrants in all countries and of all generations. The generation of people born in Japan who later immigrated to another country. The kanreki , a pre-modern Japanese rite of passage to old age at 60, is now being celebrated by increasing numbers of Japanese American Nisei. Rituals are enactments of shared meanings, norms, and values; and this traditional Japanese rite of passage highlights a collective response among the Nisei to the conventional dilemmas of growing older. See also: Japanese language education in the United States. Issei and many nisei speak Japanese in addition to English as a second language. In general, later generations of Japanese Americans speak English as their first language, though some do learn Japanese later as a second language. [citation needed] It is taught in private Japanese language schools as early as the second grade. As a courtesy to the large number of Japanese tourists (from Japan), Japanese characters are provided on place signs, public transportation, and civic facilities. Stores that cater to the tourist industry often have Japanese-speaking personnel. To show their allegiance to the US, many nisei and sansei intentionally avoided learning Japanese. But as many of the later generations find their identities in both Japan and America or American society broadens its definition of cultural identity, studying Japanese is becoming more popular than it once was. Japanese Americans is located in the United StatesChicagoChicagoOakland, NJOakland, NJGreenwich, CTGreenwich, CTKeio AcademyKeio AcademyNishiyamato AcademyNishiyamato AcademySeigakuin AtlantaSeigakuin AtlantaMeiji GakuinMeiji Gakuin. Locations of Japanese day schools (nihonjin gakko and shiritsu zaigai kyoiku shisetsu) in the contiguous United States approved by the Japanese MEXT (gray dots represent closed schools). Japanese American culture places great value on education and culture. Across generations, children are often instilled with a strong desire to enter the rigors of higher education. Math and reading scores on the SAT and ACT may often exceed the national averages. Japanese Americans have the largest showing of any ethnic group in nationwide Advanced Placement testing each year. A large majority of Japanese Americans obtain post-secondary degrees. Japanese Americans often face the “model minority” stereotype that they are dominant in math- and science-related fields in colleges and universities across the United States. In reality, however, there is an equal distribution of Japanese Americans between the arts and humanities and the sciences. [citation needed] Although their numbers have declined slightly in recent years, Japanese Americans are still a prominent presence in Ivy League schools, the top University of California campuses including UC Berkeley and UCLA, and other elite universities. [citation needed] The 2000 census reported that 40.8% of Japanese Americans held a college degree. Nihon Go Gakko in Seattle. Seigakuin Atlanta International School on March 23, 2014. [14] In the years prior to World War II, many second generation Japanese American attended the American school by day and the Japanese school in the evening to keep up their Japanese skill as well as English. Other first generation Japanese American parents were worried that their child might go through the same discrimination when going to school so they gave them the choice to either go back to Japan to be educated, or to stay in America with their parents and study both languages. [15][page needed] Anti-Japanese sentiment during World War I resulted in public efforts to close Japanese-language schools. The 1927 Supreme Court case Farrington v. Tokushige protected the Japanese American community’s right to have Japanese language private institutions. During the internment of Japanese Americans in World War II many Japanese schools were closed. After the war many Japanese schools reopened. There are primary school-junior high school Japanese international schools within the United States. Some are classified as nihonjin gakko or Japanese international schools operated by Japanese associations, [17] and some are classified as Shiritsu zaigai kyoiku shisetsu or overseas branches of Japanese private schools. [18] They are: Seigakuin Atlanta International School, Chicago Futabakai Japanese School, Japanese School of Guam, Nishiyamato Academy of California near Los Angeles, Japanese School of New Jersey, and New York Japanese School. A boarding senior high school, Keio Academy of New York, is near New York City. It is a Shiritsu zaigai kyoiku shisetsu. There are also supplementary Japanese educational institutions (hoshu jugyo ko) that hold Japanese classes on weekends. They are located in several US cities. [19] The supplementary schools target Japanese nationals and second-generation Japanese Americans living in the United States. There are also Japanese heritage schools for third generation and beyond Japanese Americans. [20] Rachel Endo of Hamline University, [21] the author of “Realities, Rewards, and Risks of Heritage-Language Education: Perspectives from Japanese Immigrant Parents in a Midwestern Community, ” wrote that the heritage schools “generally emphasize learning about Japanese American historical experiences and Japanese culture in more loosely defined terms”. Tennessee Meiji Gakuin High School (shiritsu zaigai kyoiku shisetsu) and International Bilingual School (unapproved by the Japanese Ministry of Education or MEXT) were full-time Japanese schools that were formerly in existence. Religious Makeup of Japanese-Americans (2012)[23]. Japanese Americans practice a wide range of religions, including Mahayana Buddhism (Jodo Shinshu, Jodo-shu, Nichiren, Shingon, and Zen forms being most prominent) their majority faith, Shinto, and Christianity. In many ways, due to the longstanding nature of Buddhist and Shinto practices in Japanese society, many of the cultural values and traditions commonly associated with Japanese tradition have been strongly influenced by these religious forms. San Jose Betsuin Buddhist Temple. A large number of the Japanese American community continue to practice Buddhism in some form, and a number of community traditions and festivals continue to center around Buddhist institutions. A reasonable number of Japanese people both in and out of Japan are secular, as Shinto and Buddhism are most often practiced by rituals such as marriages or funerals, and not through faithful worship, as defines religion for many Americans. Many Japanese Americans also practice Christianity. Among mainline denominations the Presbyterians have long been active. The First Japanese Presbyterian Church of San Francisco opened in 1885. [24] Los Angeles Holiness Church was founded by six Japanese men and women in 1921. [25] There is also the Japanese Evangelical Missionary Society (JEMS) formed in the 1950s. It operates Asian American Christian Fellowships (AACF) programs on university campuses, especially in California. [26] The Japanese language ministries are fondly known as “Nichigo” in Japanese American Christian communities. The newest trend includes Asian American members who do not have a Japanese heritage. An important annual festival for Japanese Americans is the Obon Festival, which happens in July or August of each year. Across the country, Japanese Americans gather on fair grounds, churches and large civic parking lots and commemorate the memory of their ancestors and their families through folk dances and food. Carnival booths are usually set up so Japanese American children have the opportunity to play together. Japanese American celebrations tend to be more sectarian in nature and focus on the community-sharing aspects. A nebuta float during Nisei Week in Los Angeles. Kazari streamers hung during the Tanabata festival in Los Angeles’ Little Tokyo. Bon Odori in Seattle. A kagami mochi display for the upcoming Japanese New Year in San Diego’s Nijiya Market. Major celebrations in the United States. Shogatsu New Year’s Celebration. Hawai? I International Taiko Festival. International Cherry Blossom Festival. National Cherry Blossom Festival. Northern California Cherry Blossom Festival. Pasadena Cherry Blossom Festival. Seattle Cherry Blossom Festival. Tango no Sekku (Boys’ Day). Shinnyo-En Toro-Nagashi (Memorial Day Floating Lantern Ceremony). Pan-Pacific Festival Matsuri in Hawai? I. Patsy Mink entered the U. House of Representatives in 1965 as the first woman of color in either chamber of Congress. Japanese Americans have shown strong support for candidates in both political parties. Shortly prior to the 2004 US presidential election, Japanese Americans narrowly favored Democrat John Kerry by a 42% to 38% margin over Republican George W. [28] In the 2008 US presidential election, the National Asian American Survey found that Japanese American favored Democrat Barack Obama by a 62% to 16% margin over Republican John McCain, while 22% were still undecided. This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia’s quality standards. The specific problem is: section is in need of clarification, wikilinks, paragraph breaks, and a more specific focus on Japanese Americans Please help improve this article if you can. (March 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message). The distribution of the Y-chromosome among Japanese males is a lot different from the males of neighboring countries, such as in Taiwanese males. The Y chromosome is directly correlated to Asian populations, especially in Japanese Americans. The chromosome addition of Y Alu polymorphic element is only displayed in Japanese American men. People of Japanese descent show the highest frequency of the haplogroup O3a5. Haplogroups are groups of genetic populations that share a common ancestor, paternally or maternally. The frequency of this haplogroup is about 5% higher than its frequency in other Asian groups such as Koreans, Manchus, and other Northeast Asians. The Japanese DNA sequence consists of 24.2% Korean, 16.1% Okinawa, 4.8% Uniquely Japanese, 25.8% Chinese, 8.1% Ainu, and 21% Unidentified. The Ainu people were the key to the Japanese genetic origins because researchers found an exact DNA match with the Ainu and the Jomon Japanese to conclude the Ainu rooted all the way back to the Jomon. [30] From mainland Japanese people, the MtDNA haplogroup frequencies are most occurring in the D4 haplogroup, with about 33%, with the second largest frequency in the B4 haplogroup, containing about 9%, and the third largest frequency in the M7a haplogroup, occurring at about 8%. The rest of the other haplogroup frequencies are much smaller than D4, with frequencies ranging from about 3-5%, consisting of mostly N9a, M8, and M9 haplogroups. Between the different Japanese populations, the Yayoi population has the highest haplogroup frequencies of the D4 haplogroup. The Jomon Japanese group has the highest frequency of the N9b haplogroup. In modern Japanese Americans, the highest haplogroup frequency is in the D4 haplogroup, the same as the Yayoi Japanese population. In Okinawa Japanese populations, the highest frequency of haplogroups is the D haplogroup, with the M7a haplogroup frequency directly behind. Of the Ainu Japanese population, the highest haplogroup frequency occurs in the Y haplogroup, followed closely by an even distribution of frequency in the D, M7a, and G haplogroups. Lastly, for mainland Japanese populations, the D haplogroup presents the highest frequency. [31][32] In Japanese Americans, the biggest components are Chinese, Korean, and Okinawan. People of Japanese descent show two pre-Yayoi ancestral Y chromosome lineages descended from Paleolithic people who had been isolated on the mainland of Japan. Studies of the mitochondrial component of Japanese American genes of haplogroup M12 shows a direct correlation of Japanese haplotypes with Tibetans. Other haplotypes that early descents of Japanese people were thought to be carried into include C-M8, which is another Y-chromosome haplotype. Also going back to the Jomon, that gene is displayed in high frequencies in people of Japanese descent. The estimated percentage of this type of gene in Japanese Americans is about 34.7%. The highest frequencies occur in Okinawans and Hokkaidos. [33] Overall, the genetic makeup of Japanese Americans show very mixed origins of genes, all due to the result of migrations of the Japanese ancestors in the past. The risk factors for genetic diseases in Japanese Americans include coronary heart disease and diabetes. One study, called the Japanese American Community Diabetes Study that started in 1994 and went through 2003, involved the pro-bands taking part to test whether the increased risk of diabetes among Japanese Americans is due to the effects of Japanese Americans having a more westernized lifestyle due to the many differences between the United States of America and Japan. One of the main goals of the study was to create an archive of DNA samples which could be used to identify which diseases are more susceptible in Japanese Americans. Concerns with these studies of the risks of inherited diseases in Japanese Americans is that information pertaining to the genetic relationship may not be consistent with the reported biological family information given of Nisei second generation pro-bands. [34] Also, research has been put on concerning apolipoprotein E genotypes; this polymorphism has three alleles (e2, e3, and e4)and was determined from research because of its known association with increased cholesterol levels and risk of coronary heart disease in Japanese Americans. Specifically too, the apolipoprotein e4 allele is linked to Alzheimer’s disease as well. Also, there is increased coronary heart disease in Japanese-American men with a mutation in the cholesterol ester transfer protein gene despite having increased levels of HDL. By definition, HDL are plasma high density lipoproteins that show a genetic relationship with coronary heart disease (CHD). The cholesterol ester transfer protein(CETP) helps the transfer of cholesterol esters from lipoproteins to other lipoproteins in the human body. It plays a fundamental role in the reverse transport of cholesterol to the liver, which is why a mutation in this can lead to coronary heart disease. Studies have shown that the CETP is linked to increased HDL levels. There is a very common pattern of two different cholesterol ester transfer protein gene mutations (D442G, 5.1%; intron 14G:A, 0.5%) found in about 3,469 Japanese American men. This was based on a program called the Honolulu Heart Program. The mutations correlated with decreased CETP levels (-35%) and increased HDL cholesterol levels (+10% for D442G). The relative risk of CHD was 1.43 in men with mutations P. See also: History of the Japanese in Los Angeles and History of the Japanese in San Francisco. In the early 1900s, Japanese Americans established fishing communities on Terminal Island and in San Diego. [37] By 1923, there were two thousand Japanese fishermen sailing out of Los Angeles Harbor. [38] By the 1930s, legislation was passed that attempted to limit Japanese fishermen. Still, areas like San Francisco’s Japantown managed to thrive. Due to the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II, historically Japanese areas fell into disrepair or became adopted by other minority groups (in the case of Black and Latino populations in Little Tokyo). Boats owned by Japanese Americans were confiscated by the U. [39] One of the vessels owned by a Japanese American, the Alert, built in 1930, [40] became YP-264 in December 1941, [37] and was finally struck from the Naval Vessel Register in 2014. Today, many have been renamed cultural centers and focus on the sharing of Japanese culture with local community members, especially in the sponsorship of Obon festivals. The city of Torrance in Greater Los Angeles has headquarters of Japanese automakers and offices of other Japanese companies. Because of the abundance of Japanese restaurants and other cultural offerings are in the city, and Willy Blackmore of L. The Japanese School of New York is located in Greenwich, Connecticut in Greater New York City; it had formerly been located in New York City. The Seigakuin Atlanta International School is located in Peachtree Corners in Greater Atlanta. As of 2011 there is a Japanese community in Arlington Heights, near Chicago. Jay Shimotake, the president of the Mid America Japanese Club, an organization located in Arlington Heights, said Arlington Heights is a very convenient location, and Japanese people in the business environment know it’s a nice location surrounding O’Hare airport. [44] The Chicago Futabakai Japanese School is located in Arlington Heights. The Mitsuwa Marketplace, a shopping center owned by Japanese, opened around 1981. Many Japanese companies have their US headquarters in nearby Hoffman Estates and Schaumburg. There is a Japanese School of Language in Medford. [45] Most Japanese-Americans in the state live in Greater Boston. As of April 2013, the largest Japanese national population in Michigan is in Novi, with 2,666 Japanese residents, and the next largest populations are respectively in Ann Arbor, West Bloomfield Township, Farmington Hills, and Battle Creek. The state has 481 Japanese employment facilities providing 35,554 local jobs. 391 of them are in Southeast Michigan, providing 20,816 jobs, and the 90 in other regions in the state provide 14,738 jobs. The Japanese Direct Investment Survey of the Consulate-General of Japan, Detroit stated that over 2,208 more Japanese residents were employed in the State of Michigan as of October 1, 2012, than had been in 2011. As of March 2011 about 2,500 Japanese Americans combined live in Edgewater and Fort Lee; this is the largest concentration of Japanese Americans in the state. [47] The New Jersey Japanese School is located in Oakland. Paramus Catholic High School hosts a weekend Japanese school, and Englewood Cliffs has a Japanese school. Other smaller Japanese American populations are also located in the remainder of Bergen County and other parts of the state. Mitsuwa Marketplace has a location in Edgewater that also houses a mini shopping complex. See also: Japanese in New York City. There are about 5,500 Japanese Americans in Northern Virginia, representing the majority of Japanese Americans in the state and the multi-state Baltimore-Washington metropolitan area. A small, but relatively high number of Japanese Americans can be found areas surrounding the University of Virginia and Virginia Tech. See also: History of the Japanese in Seattle. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: “Japanese Americans” – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message). See also: Japantown and List of U. Cities with large Japanese-American populations. Little Tokyo Village in Los Angeles’ Little Tokyo. Anaheim and Orange County. Cerritos, Hawaiian Gardens and adjacent cities. Fontana in the Inland Empire. Gardena in Los Angeles’ South Bay area. Lomita in the L. Long Beach, California – historic Japanese fisheries presence in Terminal Island. Los Angeles, especially the Little Tokyo section. Palm Desert, the Japanese also developed the year-round agricultural industries in the Coachella Valley and Imperial Valley. Pasadena in the Los Angeles’ San Gabriel Valley. Santa Monica – esp. Sawtelle, California, in West Los Angeles. Torrance in Los Angeles’ South Bay area, the largest Japanese community in North America and the second largest Japanese community in the U. Venice, Los Angeles – historically Japanese fisheries in Marina Del Rey. Japanese community center in Vista in North County, one of two of its kind in Southern California. Central Valley, California region. Bakersfield / Kern County. Fresno, 5% of county residents have Japanese ancestry. Livingston, California in Merced County. Miyako Mall in San Francisco’s Japantown. San Francisco Bay Area, the main concentration of Nisei and Sansei in the 20th century. Alameda County, concentrated and historic populations in the cities of Alameda, Berkeley, Fremont, Oakland, and Hayward. Contra Costa County, concentrated in Walnut Creek. San Mateo County, especially Daly City and Pacifica. San Jose, has one of the three remaining officially recognized Japantowns in North America. Santa Clara County, concentrated in Cupertino, Palo Alto, Santa Clara, and Sunnyvale. San Francisco, notably in the Japantown district [51]. Monterey County, especially Salinas, California. Sacramento, and some neighborhoods of Elk Grove, Florin and Walnut Grove. Uwajimaya Village in Seattle. Puget Sound region (San Juan Islands) have Japanese fisheries for over a century. Skagit Valley of Washington. Chehalis Valley of Washington. Portland and surrounding area. Phoenix Area, notably a section of Grand Avenue in Northwest Phoenix, and Maryvale. Las Vegas Area, with a reference of Japanese farmers on Bonzai Slough, Arizona near Needles, California. Southern Arizona, part of the “exclusion area” for Japanese internment during World War II along with the Pacific coast states. Yuma County/Colorado River Valley. Gallup, New Mexico, in World War II the city fought to prevent the internment of its 800 Japanese residents. Denver, note Sakura Square. In the Southern, Midwestern, and Northeastern United States, the New York metropolitan area has the highest number of Japanese Americans, followed by the Washington metropolitan area. Arlington, Virginia and Alexandria, Virginia (the Northern Virginia region). Bergen County, New Jersey. Chicago, Illinois and suburbs. Elk Grove Heights and nearby Elk Grove Village. Fayetteville, North Carolina – close to the Research Triangle. Grand Prairie, Texas (the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex area). Japan, North Carolina – former town bulldozed by dam construction. Kansas City metro area. New York City, New York, according to the Japanese Embassy of the US, over 100,000 persons of Japanese ancestry live in the NYC metro area, including South Shore (Long Island) and Hudson Valley; Fairfield County, Connecticut and Northern New Jersey. Northern Indiana has a small, but evident Japanese community. Novi, Michigan outside Detroit. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania with the suburbs of Chester County. Salem, New Jersey and Cherry Hill, New Jersey (see Delaware Valley). Seabrook Farms, New Jersey. South Texas – Rio Grande Valley had Japanese farmers. Washington, DC and suburbs in Maryland and Northern Virginia. Yamato Colony, Florida in South Florida. For a more comprehensive list, see List of Japanese Americans. Sessue Hayakawa 1918 (Fred Hartsook). Eric Shinseki official portrait. Koyamada in Malibu May 2015. Norman Mineta, official portrait, DOT. Mirai Nagasu Podium 2008 Junior Worlds. George Takei Sulu Star Trek. Linkin Park-Rock im Park 2014- by 2eight 3SC0450. Ellison Shoji Onizuka (NASA). Harris Jr PACOM 2015. Melody, doing a peace sign. Jake Shimabukuro performing, by Michale. Hayley-Kiyoko 2010-04-30 photoby Adam-Bielawski. Ryan Higa by Gage Skidmore. After the Territory of Hawai? I’s statehood in 1959, Japanese American political empowerment took a step forward with the election of Daniel K. Spark Matsunaga was elected to the US House of Representatives in 1963, and in 1965, Patsy Mink became the first Asian American woman elected to the United States Congress. Inouye, Matsunaga, and Mink’s success led to the gradual acceptance of Japanese American leadership on the national stage, culminating in the appointments of Eric Shinseki and Norman Y. Mineta, the first Japanese American military chief of staff and federal cabinet secretary, respectively. Japanese American members of the United States House of Representatives have included Daniel K. Inouye, Spark Matsunaga, Patsy Mink, Norman Mineta, Bob Matsui, Pat Saiki, Mike Honda, Doris Matsui, Mazie Hirono, Mark Takano, and Mark Takai. Japanese American members of the United States Senate have included Daniel K. Hayakawa, Spark Matsunaga, and Mazie Hirono. In 2010, Inouye was sworn in as President Pro Tempore making him the highest-ranking Asian-American politician in American history. George Ariyoshi served as the Governor of Hawai? I from 1974 to 1986. He was the first American of Asian descent to be elected governor of a state of the United States. Kinjiro Matsudaira was elected mayor of Edmonston, Maryland in 1927 and 1943. [54] In 1957, Japanese American James Kanno was elected as the first mayor of California’s Fountain Valley. [55] Norm Mineta became mayor of San Jose, California in 1971. [56] In 1980, Eunice Sato became the first Asian-American female mayor of a major American city when she was elected mayor of Long Beach, California. Yoichiro Nambu, the 2008 Nobel Laureate in Physics. Many Japanese Americans have also gained prominence in science and technology. In 1979, biochemist Harvey Itano became the first Japanese American elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences. Pedersen won the 1987 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his methods of synthesizing crown ethers. Yoichiro Nambu won the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on quantum chromodynamics and spontaneous symmetry breaking. Shuji Nakamura won the 2014 Nobel Prize in Physics for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes. Michio Kaku is a theoretical physicist specializing in string field theory, and a well-known science popularizer. Ellison Onizuka became the first Asian American astronaut and was the mission specialist aboard Challenger at the time of its explosion. Ono became the first Japanese American president of a major research university University of Cincinnati and subsequently University of British Columbia. Shimada (R 227) and the Shimada Seamount in the Pacific Ocean were named. In 2018, Lauren Kiyomi Williams became the second ever tenured female mathematician of the Harvard mathematics department. Artist Sueo Serisawa helped establish the California Impressionist style of painting. Other influential Japanese American artists include Chiura Obata, Isamu Noguchi, Kenjiro Nomura, George Tsutakawa, George Nakashima, Hideo Noda, and Ruth Asawa. Architect Minoru Yamasaki designed the original World Trade Center (completed in 1973) and several other large-scale projects. Gyo Obata designed the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D. C (completed in 1976) and the pavilion of the Japanese American National Museum in Los Angeles (completed in 1992). 1984 American Book Award winner Miné Okubo. Japanese American recipients of the American Book Award include Milton Murayama (1980), Ronald Phillip Tanaka (1982), Miné Okubo (1984), Keiho Soga (1985), Taisanboku Mori (1985), Sojin Takei (1985), Muin Ozaki (1985), Toshio Mori (1986), William Minoru Hohri (1989), Karen Tei Yamashita (1991 and 2011), Sheila Hamanaka (1992), Lawson Fusao Inada (1994), Ronald Takaki (1994), Kimiko Hahn (1996), Lois-Ann Yamanaka (2000), Ruth Ozeki (2004), Hiroshi Kashiwagi (2005), Yuko Taniguchi (2008), Sesshu Foster (2010), and Frank Abe (2019). Hisaye Yamamoto received an American Book Award for Lifetime Achievement in 1986. Taro Yashima won the Children’s Book Award in 1955 for his Crow Boy. Cynthia Kadohata won the Newbery Medal in 2005. Poet laureate of San Francisco Janice Mirikitani has published three volumes of poems. Michi Weglyn and Ronald Takaki received Anisfield-Wolf Book Awards in 1977 and 1994 respectively. Tomie Arai’s work is part of permanent collection of Museum of Modern Art, Library of Congress, and the Museum of Chinese in the Americas. Michiko Kakutani is an American Pulitzer Prize-winning literary critic and former chief book critic for The New York Times (from 1983 to 2017). Midori Goto in 2013. Classical violinist Midori Goto is a recipient of the prestigious Avery Fisher Prize (2001), while world-renowned violinist Anne Akiko Meyers received an Avery Fisher career grant in 1993. Juno Award-nominated classical violinist Hidetaro Suzuki was the concertmaster of the Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra from 1978 to 2005. Other notable Japanese American musicians include singer, actress and Broadway star Pat Suzuki; rapper Mike Shinoda of Linkin Park and Fort Minor; rapper Kikuo Nishi aka “KeyKool” of The Visionaries; Hiro Yamamoto, original bassist of Soundgarden; ukulele player Jake Shimabukuro; guitarist James Iha of The Smashing Pumpkins fame; singer-songwriter Rachael Yamagata; bilingual singer-songwriter Emi Meyer; and Trivium lead vocalist and rhythm guitarist Matt Heafy. Marc Okubo, guitarist of Veil of Maya, is of Japanese descent. Singer-songwriter and composer Mari Iijima is a Japanese expat currently living in the United States. J-Pop singers Hikaru Utada and Joe Inoue were both born in the United States but gained their fame in Japan. 1952 gold medalist Ford Konno. Japanese Americans first made an impact in Olympic sports in the late 1940s and in the 1950s. Harold Sakata won a weightlifting silver medal in the 1948 Olympics, while Japanese Americans Tommy Kono (weightlifting), Yoshinobu Oyakawa (100-meter backstroke), and Ford Konno (1500-meter freestyle) each won gold and set Olympic records in the 1952 Olympics. Also at the 1952 Olympics, Evelyn Kawamoto won two bronze medals in swimming. Konno won another gold and silver swimming medal at the same Olympics and added a silver medal in 1956, while Kono set another Olympic weightlifting record in 1956. Several decades later, Eric Sato won gold (1988) and bronze (1992) medals in volleyball, while his sister Liane Sato won bronze in the same sport in 1992. Bryan Clay (hapa) won the decathlon gold medal in the 2008 Olympics, the silver medal in the 2004 Olympics, and was the sport’s 2005 world champion. Apolo Anton Ohno (hapa) won eight Olympic medals in short-track speed skating (two gold) in 2002, 2006, and 2010, as well as a world cup championship. Brothers Kawika and Erik Shoji won bronze medals in volleyball in 2016. In figure skating, Kristi Yamaguchi, a fourth-generation Japanese American, won three national championship titles (one in singles, two in pairs), two world titles, and the 1992 Olympic gold medal in singles figure skating. Rena Inoue, a Japanese immigrant to America who later became a US citizen, competed at the 2006 Olympics in pair skating for the United States. Kyoko Ina, who was born in Japan, but raised in the United States, competed for the United States in singles and pairs, and was a multiple national champion and an Olympian with two different partners. Two-time Olympian Mirai Nagasu won the 2008 U. Figure Skating Championships at the age of 14, becoming the second youngest woman to ever win that title. Alex and Maia Shibutani are two-time national champions in ice dancing and 2018 Olympic bronze medalists. In distance running, Miki (Michiko) Gorman won the Boston and New York City marathons twice in the 1970s. A former American record holder at the distance, she is the only woman to win both races twice, and is one of only two women to win both marathons in the same year. In professional sports, Nisei-born Wataru Misaka made the New York Knicks roster in 1947 as the first person of color to play in modern professional basketball, just months after Jackie Robinson had broken the color barrier in Major League Baseball for the Brooklyn Dodgers. [60] Misaka played college basketball for the Utah Utes and led the team to win the 1944 NCAA and 1947 NIT championships. He took a two-year hiatus between these titles to serve in the United States Army in the American occupation of Japan. Wally Kaname Yonamine was a professional running back for the San Francisco 49ers in 1947. Rex Walters, whose mother was Japanese, played in the NBA from 1993 to 2000. Lindsey Yamasaki was the first Asian American to play in the WNBA and finished off her NCAA career with the third-most career 3-pointers at Stanford University. Hikaru Nakamura became the youngest American ever to earn the titles of National Master (age 10) and International Grandmaster (age 15) in chess. In 2004, at the age of 16, he won the U. Chess Championship for the first time. He later won four other times. 1957 Academy Award winner Miyoshi Umeki. Miyoshi Umeki won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress in 1957. Actors Sessue Hayakawa, Mako Iwamatsu, and Pat Morita were nominated for Academy Awards in 1957, 1966, and 1984 respectively. Steven Okazaki won the 1990 Academy Award for Best Documentary (Short Subject) for his film Days of Waiting: The Life & Art of Estelle Ishigo. Chris Tashima won the 1997 Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film. Audrey Marrs won the 2010 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. Kazu Hiro won the Academy Award for Best Makeup and Hairstyling in 2018 and 2020, winning the second award as an American citizen. Jack Soo, born Goro Suzuki, (Valentine’s Day and Barney Miller), George Takei (Star Trek fame) and Pat Morita (Happy Days and The Karate Kid) helped pioneer acting roles for Asian Americans while playing secondary roles on the small screen during the 1960s and 1970s. In 1976, Morita also starred in Mr. T and Tina, the first American sitcom centered on a person of Asian descent. Gregg Araki (director of independent films) is also Japanese American. Shin Koyamada had a leading role in the Warner Bros. Epic movie The Last Samurai and Disney Channel movie franchise Wendy Wu: Homecoming Warrior and TV series Disney Channel Games. Masi Oka played a prominent role in the NBC series Heroes, Grant Imahara appeared on the Discovery Channel series MythBusters and Derek Mio appeared in the NBC series Day One. Japanese Americans now anchor TV newscasts in markets all over the country. Notable anchors include Tritia Toyota, Adele Arakawa, David Ono, Kent Ninomiya, Lori Matsukawa, and Rob Fukuzaki. See also: List of feature films about the Japanese American internment. See also: the categories Films about the internment of Japanese Americans and Books about the internment of Japanese Americans. In 2010 TBS produced a five-part, ten-hour fictional Japanese language miniseries, Japanese Americans. This featured many of the major events and themes of the Issei and Nisei experience, including emigration, racism, picture brides, farming, pressure due to the China and Pacific wars, internment, a key character who serves in the 442nd, and the ongoing redefinition in identity of what it means to be Japanese and American. Buddhist Churches of America (Young Buddhist Association & Buddhist Women’s Association). Zenshuji Soto Misson & Soto Zen Buddhist Association. List of Shinto shrines in the United States. Day of Remembrance (Japanese Americans). Go for Broke Monument. Japanese American Citizens League. Japanese American National Library. Japanese American National Museum. Japanese American service in World War II. 442nd Infantry Regiment, and the related 522nd Field Artillery Battalion. List of Japanese American Servicemen and Servicewomen in World War II. Japanese Community Youth Council (San Francisco). Japanese in Los Angeles. Japanese in New York City. Japanese in the United Kingdom. Nisei Baseball Research Project. Pacific Movement of the Eastern World.
1940s ORIGINAL JAPANESE AMERICAN LOS ANGELES RPPC AND PHOTOS VERY RARE VINTAGE
CALIFORNIA_HOBART_MILLS_Historically_Important_Album_with_104_Photos_Ca_1900s_01_izy

CALIFORNIA-HOBART MILLS Historically Important Album with 104 Photos. Ca. 1900s

CALIFORNIA-HOBART MILLS Historically Important Album with 104 Photos. Ca. 1900s
CALIFORNIA-HOBART MILLS Historically Important Album with 104 Photos. Ca. 1900s
CALIFORNIA-HOBART MILLS Historically Important Album with 104 Photos. Ca. 1900s
CALIFORNIA-HOBART MILLS Historically Important Album with 104 Photos. Ca. 1900s
CALIFORNIA-HOBART MILLS Historically Important Album with 104 Photos. Ca. 1900s
CALIFORNIA-HOBART MILLS Historically Important Album with 104 Photos. Ca. 1900s
CALIFORNIA-HOBART MILLS Historically Important Album with 104 Photos. Ca. 1900s
CALIFORNIA-HOBART MILLS Historically Important Album with 104 Photos. Ca. 1900s
CALIFORNIA-HOBART MILLS Historically Important Album with 104 Photos. Ca. 1900s
CALIFORNIA-HOBART MILLS Historically Important Album with 104 Photos. Ca. 1900s
CALIFORNIA-HOBART MILLS Historically Important Album with 104 Photos. Ca. 1900s
CALIFORNIA-HOBART MILLS Historically Important Album with 104 Photos. Ca. 1900s
CALIFORNIA-HOBART MILLS Historically Important Album with 104 Photos. Ca. 1900s
CALIFORNIA-HOBART MILLS Historically Important Album with 104 Photos. Ca. 1900s
CALIFORNIA-HOBART MILLS Historically Important Album with 104 Photos. Ca. 1900s
CALIFORNIA-HOBART MILLS Historically Important Album with 104 Photos. Ca. 1900s
CALIFORNIA-HOBART MILLS Historically Important Album with 104 Photos. Ca. 1900s
CALIFORNIA-HOBART MILLS Historically Important Album with 104 Photos. Ca. 1900s
CALIFORNIA-HOBART MILLS Historically Important Album with 104 Photos. Ca. 1900s
CALIFORNIA-HOBART MILLS Historically Important Album with 104 Photos. Ca. 1900s
CALIFORNIA-HOBART MILLS Historically Important Album with 104 Photos. Ca. 1900s
CALIFORNIA-HOBART MILLS Historically Important Album with 104 Photos. Ca. 1900s
CALIFORNIA-HOBART MILLS Historically Important Album with 104 Photos. Ca. 1900s
CALIFORNIA-HOBART MILLS Historically Important Album with 104 Photos. Ca. 1900s

CALIFORNIA-HOBART MILLS Historically Important Album with 104 Photos. Ca. 1900s
Historically Important Album with 104 Original Gelatin Silver Photos and Real Photo Postcards of California, Showing the Town of Hobart Mills (non-Existent since 1938), Prosser Creek, Independence Lake, Tahoe Lake, Los Angeles, San Francisco, San Gabriel Mission, Life Savers at Long Beach, &c. Oblong Folio album ca. 26×34,5 cm (10 x 13 ½ in). 18 card stock leaves + 11 black paper leaves at rear (blank). With 104 original gelatin silver photos and real photo postcards, from ca. 11,5×15,5 cm (4 ½ x 6 ¼ in) to ca. 6×8,5cm (2 ¼ x 3 ¼ in). 80 photos with period white ink captions on the mounts (some captions relate to several images); several studio photos captioned in negative. On verso; at least one photo with a period ink caption on verso. Period custom made brown full calf Heinn Co. Album fastened with metal bolts. Album rubbed on extremities, the back cover with a stain, a couple of photos mildly faded or with mild silvering, two photos previously removed, but overall a very good album of strong interesting photos. Attractive album with early original photos of California, including over forty images of the logging town of Hobart Mills and nearby Prosser Creek, Independence and Tahoe Lakes (all in the Nevada County, Northern California). Hobart Mills was established in 1900 as a settlement for workers of the sawmill of Walter Scott Hobart Sr. Who started logging in the area in 1897. The town existed for about sixty years until the sawmill closed in 1938. In its heyday, Hobart Mills, with a population of about 1500 at peak season, had a school, a hospital, and several social clubs. The photos of Hobart Mills show logging operations (“skidding, ” “clearing for track, ” the “First Engine to go over the Summit at Truckee on Hobart Estate, 1909″), the town in winter (one photo features a skier going downhill towards the settlement), a wooden bridge over a creek, and nearby forests and roads. Several photos of Prosser Creek show the compiler’s family and friends fishing and resting. There are also images of Independence Lake and Lake Tahoe (all dated 1909) with cottages, rail tracks and family members. Another photo shows the railway station in Truckee in winter. The other photos show Los Angeles (Westlake Park, Eastlake Park, Echo Park), San Francisco Union Square from the window of St. Francis Hotel, a beach, San Gabriel Mission, the bells at Mission San Juan Capistrano, a sugar beet factory, a rice field, a site of seepage irrigation, railway tracks, dams, mountains, &c. Four photos portray lifesavers at Long Beach posing in tank tops with the signs “Life Saver” and with lifebuoys with the signs L. B. B. ” “Long Beach Bath House Co. Over twenty photos (mostly by the Los Angeles studio of “Putnam & Valentine”) show the Yosemite valley and waterfalls. Overall an attractive collection of early original photos of California, including the now non-existent town of Hobart Mills. Globus Books is an independent San Francisco-based bookshop and a member of the American Booksellers Association and the Antiquarian Booksellers Association of America and has been in business since 1971. Globus Rare Books and Archives is the department within Globus Books that specializes in rare travel and exploration related items from around the world with an emphasis on the Americas, the Pacific and Russian explorers and travellers. All items are guaranteed to be as described. We leave feedback for buyers once they have left feedback for us.
CALIFORNIA-HOBART MILLS Historically Important Album with 104 Photos. Ca. 1900s
1940s_ORIGINAL_JAPANESE_AMERICAN_LOS_ANGELES_RPPC_AND_PHOTOS_VERY_RARE_VINTAGE_01_xn

1940s ORIGINAL JAPANESE AMERICAN LOS ANGELES RPPC AND PHOTOS VERY RARE VINTAGE

1940s ORIGINAL JAPANESE AMERICAN LOS ANGELES RPPC AND PHOTOS VERY RARE VINTAGE
1940s ORIGINAL JAPANESE AMERICAN LOS ANGELES RPPC AND PHOTOS VERY RARE VINTAGE
1940s ORIGINAL JAPANESE AMERICAN LOS ANGELES RPPC AND PHOTOS VERY RARE VINTAGE
1940s ORIGINAL JAPANESE AMERICAN LOS ANGELES RPPC AND PHOTOS VERY RARE VINTAGE

1940s ORIGINAL JAPANESE AMERICAN LOS ANGELES RPPC AND PHOTOS VERY RARE VINTAGE
2 RPPC AND 2 PHOTOS MEASURING APPROXIMATELY 4X6 INCHES AND 2 3/4 X 4 3/8 INCHES. LARGER PHOTO HAS LOS ANGELES STAMP ON BACK. ONE RPPC ON FRONT HAS PENCIL WRITING T. ONE RPPC IS TORN NEAR THE YOUNG GIRL MIDDLE LEFT. There is a Japanese American and a Japanese national population in Los Angeles and Greater Los Angeles. Los Angeles has become a hub for people of Japanese descent for generations in areas like Little Tokyo and Boyle Heights. As of 2017, Los Angeles has a Japanese and Japanese American population was around 110,000 people. This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. After the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, Japanese immigration to the United States increased drastically throughout the 1800s. By 1910, Los Angeles had the highest percentage of Japanese and Japanese descendants in the country. Japanese immigrants took on the low-wage jobs that were once held by Chinese Immigrants and settled in cities like San Francisco. Japanese immigrants were once recruited to come to the United States to take on jobs on railroads but quickly turned to agriculture as a means of work in Southern California. In 1905, the Los Angeles Herald-Examiner published an article on the “yellow peril” and related it to Japanese immigrants, as its original creation was against people of Chinese descent. [3] The first group traveled from San Francisco after experiencing anti-Asian sentiment in that city. [4] The early 1900s saw an increase of racism and xenophobia in California to the point where Asian children were being segregated in public schools in San Francisco. [3] After the 1906 earthquake in Northern California, around 2,000-3,000 Japanese immigrants moved to Los Angeles and created areas like Little Tokyo on East Alameda. [3] As the community continued to grow, Little Tokyo extended to the First Street Corridor in Boyle Heights, in the early 1910s. Boyle Heights was Los Angeles’s largest residential communities of Japanese immigrants and Americans, apart from Little Tokyo. In the early 1910s, Boyle Heights was one of the only communities that did not have restricted housing covenants that discriminated against Japanese and other people of color. [5] Boyle Heights was a bustling interracial community where people of different ethnic backgrounds lived amongst each other. In the 1920s and 1930s, Boyle Heights became the center of significant churches, temples, and schools for the Japanese community, These include the Tenrikyo Junior Church of America at 2727 E. 1st Street (1937-39), the Konko Church at 2924 E. 1st Street (1937-38), and the Higashi Honganji Buddhist Temple (1926-27), all designed by Yos Hirose, and the Japanese Baptist Church at 2923 E. 2nd Street (1926; extant but altered) built by the Los Angeles City Baptist Missionary Society in 1926-29. [3] A hospital, also designed by Hirose, opened in 1929 to serve the Japanese American community. Families of Japanese ancestry being removed from Los Angeles, California during World War II. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Japanese American internment processing in Los Angeles. As of December 1941 there were 37,000 ethnic Japanese people in Los Angeles County. Not long after the attack on Pearl Harbor, President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066, which authorized military commanders to exclude “any or all persons” from certain areas in the name of national defense, the Western Defense Command began ordering Japanese Americans living on the West Coast to present themselves for “evacuation” from the newly created military zones. This included many Los Angeles families. After the war, due to lack of housing in Little Tokyo, many Japanese Americans returning from the camps moved into neighborhoods surrounding the downtown area, into apartments and boarding houses. Notably, Boyle Heights, just east of Little Tokyo, had a large Japanese American population in the 1950s (as it had before the internment) until the arrival of Mexican and Latino immigrants replaced most of them. In 1981, public hearings were held by the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians at the Los Angeles State Building as part of a government investigation into the constitutionality of the World War II internment of Japanese Americans. More than 150 people participated in the Los Angeles hearings. Exterior of Holiday Bowl, designed by architect Helen Liu Fong, in 2002. Little Tokyo in Downtown Los Angeles is the main historical Japantown of Los Angeles. Sawtelle housed a Japantown that became known as “Little Osaka”. Jack Fujimoto, author of Sawtelle: West Los Angeles’s Japantown, wrote that the name was given because of the many colorful eateries and shops. “[8] The city put up community signs “Sawtelle Japantown for this area on April 1, 2015. [9] After court ruling that the segregation covenants in the Crenshaw district were unconstitutional, the area opened up to other races. A large Japanese American settlement ensued, which can still be found along Coliseum Street, east and west of Crenshaw Boulevard. [10] The Holiday Bowl was built by Japanese entrepreneurs as a combination bowling alley, pool hall, bar and coffee shop in 1958 and served Crenshaw’s Japanese residents who “had not long before suffered Manzanar’s internment camps and a blanket racial ban by the American Bowling Congress”. [11] Blacks started arriving in the 1960s, and by the 1970s were the majority. The interior of the Mitsuwa in Torrance. As of 2014 Torrance has the second largest concentration of ethnic Japanese people of any U. The city has headquarters of Japanese automakers and offices of other Japanese companies. [12] Because of this many Japanese restaurants and other Japanese cultural offerings are in the city, and Willy Blackmore of L. Weekly wrote that Torrance was “essentially Japan’s 48th prefecture”. [13] A Mitsuwa supermarket, Japanese schools, and Japanese banks serve the community. In the pre-World War II period the South Bay region was one of the few areas that allowed non-U. Citizens to acquire property, so a Japanese presence came. According to John Kaji, a Torrance resident quoted in Public Radio International who was the son of Toyota’s first American-based accountant, the Japanese corporate presence in Torrance, beginning with Toyota, attracted many ethnic Japanese. Toyota moved its operations to its Torrance campus in 1982 because of its proximity to the Port of Long Beach and Los Angeles International Airport, and it was followed by many other Japanese companies. As of 1988 Gardena also has a large Japanese-American community. [14] Early in Gardena’s history, Japanese migrants played a role in the agrarian economy. Jack Rodman, a managing partner of the accounting firm Kenneth Leventhal & Co. Stated in 1989 that the most preferred place for Japanese businesspeople to settle is the Palos Verdes Peninsula, citing the inexpensiveness compared to Bel Air, Brentwood, and Pacific Palisades, proximity to the ocean, and the ranch-style houses because they are more like a Japanese home–single-story, spread out. [16] He stated that the other preferred places were Pasadena, San Marino, and Arcadia. [16] In addition Rodman said some Japanese businesspeople liked to settle in Hancock Park in the City of Los Angeles; Hancock Park is in proximity to the Consulate-General of Japan in Los Angeles. As of 2010, according to the report “A Community Of Contrasts: Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders in Los Angeles County” by the nonprofit group Asian Americans Advancing Justice – Los Angeles (formerly the Asian Pacific American Legal Center), of the Asian ethnic groups, 70% of Japanese Americans were born in the U. The highest such rate of the Asian ethnic groups. In 1986 Hiroshi Matsuoka, the Japan Business Association of Southern California (JBA, ??????? Minami Kariforunia Nikkei Kigyo Kyokai) executive director, stated that there were about 3,500 Japanese nationals working for 530 branch companies of Japanese companies in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. American Honda Motor Company headquarters in Torrance. The city of Torrance has headquarters of Japanese automakers and offices of other Japanese companies. [13] The headquarters of American Honda Motor Company, Honda’s North American division, is located in Torrance. [19] Toyota Motor Sales, U. Division of Toyota, has its headquarters in Torrance. [20] Toyota has plans in 2014 to move its headquarters to suburban Dallas, Texas in the next few years. [21] All Nippon Airways operates its United States headquarters, a customer relations and services office, in Torrance. [22] Also the Japanese supermarket chains Mitsuwa Marketplace[23] and Nijiya Market[24] are headquartered in Torrance. Former Toyota Motor Sales, U. Japan Airlines moved its U. Headquarters to El Segundo in 2003. [25] Nissan previously had its North American headquarters in Carson. In the summer of 2006 the Nissan headquarters moved to Tennessee. As of 1987, the membership list of the Japanese Business Association of Southern California stated that in an area between Los Angeles International Airport and the Port of Los Angeles, there were 194 Japanese companies which had branch operations. [19] In 1989, Sadao “Bill” Kita, the executive director of the JBA, stated that there were 693 Japanese companies with offices in Southern California. In a period before 1994, the peak number of Japanese expatriate executives and managers in Southern California was 3,800. In 1994, according to Kita, the number declined to 615. The number of expatriate managers and executives, by that year, had declined to 3,400. At that point, Japan was experiencing an economic recession. In 1979 there were two full-time and part-time schools in Greater Los Angeles catering to Japanese national students. They had a total of 356 students. In the 1980s the increase in Japanese businesses resulted in an increase in enrollment in full-time and part-time schools catering to Japanese national students. In 1987, there were three school campuses with 4,430 students. The campuses were located in Gardena, Hermosa Beach, and Torrance. As of 1989, the Torrance Unified School District and the Palos Verdes Peninsula Unified School District had 42% of all Japanese-speaking students enrolled by the 100 school districts in Los Angeles County. The Palos Verdes district had 346 students born in Japan in 1985, while the number increased to 434 in 1988. The Nishiyamato Academy of California is located in Lomita. [28] The school opened in April 1992. It was founded by Ryotaro Tanose, a Japanese Diet member, as a branch of the Nishiyamato Gakuen Junior and Senior High School (Nishiyamato Academy) in Kawai, Nara Prefecture. It was originally located in the former Dapplegray School building in Rolling Hills Estates. In 1993 the school served grades 6 through 8 and had 38 students. In 1994 it served grades 5 through 9 and had 71 students. There was previously another full-time Japanese school, the International Bilingual School, founded to educate children of Japanese nationals working for companies such as Honda and Toyota. [29] The school opened in Torrance in 1979, later moved to Hermosa Beach, before moving to a Palos Verdes school district facility in Palos Verdes Estates in 1992. [27] By 2002 the school district had filed suit to force the International Bilingual School to leave the school property. Asahi Gakuen (??? “School of the Rising Sun”) is a part-time Japanese school in the Los Angeles area. [19][31] The school was founded by the Association for the Promotion of Japanese Language Education in Los Angeles. In 1988, the school had 2,500 students. [32] The school teaches the Japanese language, science, social sciences, and mathematics. [32] As of 1987 the school teaches all four aspects in each school day. [19] The Japan Traders’ Club of Los Angeles (Nihon Boeki Konwa-kai), as of 1997, financially supports the school. The main campus of the East-West Japanese School (San’iku Tozai Gakuen) is located in Gardena, adjacent to the Gardena Seventh-day Adventist Church and across from the Gardena Civic Center. [19] It also has branch campuses: the Rolling Hills Campus (???????? Roringuhiruzu Ko) in Rolling Hills Estates and the Irvine/Costa Mesa Campus (????? /????? Abain/Kosutamesa Ko) in Costa Mesa. [33] Its primary customer base consists of Japanese children who are enrolled in American schools. As of 1987 most of its students are from Buddhist families. The school offers two hour classes on weeknights. As of 1987 the Southern California Conference of Seventh-day Adventists does outreach to the Japanese community by sponsoring the East-West School. That year, the principal, Akira Nakamura, stated that students do 10-minute bible studies as part of the program even though most students are not Christian. Nishiyamato Academy offers its own Saturday school program. The Japanese Language School Unified System, founded in 1949, included a main campus in Los Angeles and a branch campus in Sun Valley as of 1988. The San Fernando Valley Japanese Language Institute in Arleta was founded circa 1928. The Rafu Chuo Gakuen is a part time Japanese language school that is located Saratoga Street in Boyle Heights. Founded in February 1929, under the name Tokiwa Gakuen but later moved that same year and was renamed Boyle Heights Chuo Gakuen. [36] By 1932, Boyle Heights Chuo Gakuen, to its present-day location in Boyle Heights and assumed the name Rafu Chuo Gakuen. Rafu Chuo Gakuen has served as a cultural and language center for children of all ages in the Japanese community. [36] It is part of the Kyodo System of schools that focuses on fluency, cultural understanding, and history for children in elementary through high school. Japanese American National Museum in Little Tokyo. The Japanese American National Museum and the Japanese American Cultural and Community Center (JACCC) are located in Little Tokyo. The community center features the George J. Doizaki Gallery, the 880-seat Aratani/Japan America Theatre, the JACCC Plaza (designed by Isamu Noguchi), and the James Irvine Japanese Garden. The Japanese American Veterans Memorial Court was erected on the San Pedro Street side of the community center building to honor the Japanese Americans who died in service. Additionally, the Go For Broke Monument, which commemorates Japanese Americans who served in the United States Army during World War II is located on the north side of Little Tokyo, behind the museum. The Union Center for the Arts (former Japanese Union Church of Los Angeles) is located on Judge John Aiso Street. The Nisei Week festival is held early in August every year and is sponsored by various Little Tokyo businesses. Similar Japanese American Community Centers to the one in Little Tokyo were founded after the trauma of the internment of Japanese Americans. Because of the Japanese business presence, many Japanese restaurants and other Japanese cultural offerings are in Torrance, and Willy Blackmore of L. The OC Japan Fair takes place in Orange County. John Naka with his masterpiece Goshin at the United States National Arboretum. Brittany Ishibashi (born 1980), actress (Orange County)[40]. Lance Ito (born 1950), judge. Kyle Nakazawa (born 1988), soccer player. Thomas Noguchi (born 1927), medical examiner-coroner. Yuji Okumoto (born 1959), actor. Jolene Purdy (born 1983), actress (half-Japanese[41]) – From Torrance[42]. Miiko Taka (born 1925), actress. George Takei (born 1937), actor. Tamlyn Tomita (born 1966), actress. He Japanese American National Museum (, Zenbei Nikkeijin Hakubutsukan) is located in Los Angeles, California, and dedicated to preserving the history and culture of Japanese Americans. Founded in 1992, it is located in the Little Tokyo area near downtown. The museum is an affiliate within the Smithsonian Affiliations program. The museum covers more than 130 years of Japanese-American history, dating to the first Issei generation of immigrants. Its moving image archive contains over 100,000 feet (30,000 m) of 16 mm and 8 mm home movies made by and about Japanese Americans from the 1920s to the 1950s. It also contains artifacts, textiles, art, photographs, and oral histories of Japanese Americans. The Japanese American National Museum of Los Angeles and the Academy Film Archive collaborate to care for and provide access to home movies that document the Japanese-American experience. Established in 1992, the JANM Collection at the Academy Film Archive currently contains over 250 home movies and continues to grow. Activist Bruce Kaji and other notable Japanese-American individuals conceived of the idea of the museum. The community had become organized around gaining recognition of the injustice they had suffered from the federal government during World War II. The museum was conceived as a way to preserve the positive aspects of their full history and culture in the United States. When it first opened in 1992, the museum was housed in the 1925 historic Hompa Hongwanji Buddhist Temple building. Irene Hirano served as its first executive director and later as president and CEO of the museum. [3] In January 1999, the National Museum opened its current 85,000-square-foot (7,900 m2) Pavilion, designed under the supervision of architect Gyo Obata, to the public. [4] The temple building was used by government officials in 1942 to process Japanese Americans for wartime confinement. It is now used for offices and storage. In 1993 the museum was given hundreds of artifacts and letters from children in internment camps, which they had sent to San Diego librarian Clara Breed. The material was featured in an exhibit, “Dear Miss Breed”:Letters from Camp. It is now part of the museum’s permanent collection. In 1997, the Frank H. Watase Media Arts Center was established by Robert A. Nakamura and Karen L. Ishizuka, to develop new ways to document, preserve and make known the experience of Americans of Japanese ancestry. In 1999, the Manabi and Sumi Hirasaki National Resource Center (HNRC) was established to provide access to the museum’s information and resources, both at the facility and online. It documents the life and culture of the Japanese Americans. Akemi Kikumura Yano, author, [6] was the museum’s first curator. She succeeded Irene Hirano as President and CEO from 2008 until 2011. During her tenure, on December 2010, the museum was awarded the National Medal for Museum and Library Service. Greg Kimura, an Episcopal priest, was appointed the president and CEO of the museum, serving between 2012 and 2016. [8][9][10] During his time the museum experienced an economic downturn as he looked to promote untraditional exhibits and let go core staff members. He resigned in May 2016 to pursue other work opportunities. In 2016, Ann Burroughs was announced to replace him as the new interim CEO[12] and was officially selected shortly thereafter. Actor George Takei serves as a member of the museum’s board of trustees. He represented it as his charity during his time on The Celebrity Apprentice and during his appearance on The Newlywed Game. Ambox current red Asia Australia. This section’s factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. The museum’s current longterm exhibition is Common Ground: The Heart of Community, covering 130 years of Japanese American history, from the Issei and early immigration into the United States, World War II incarceration, to the present. Exploring the Supercute World of Hello Kitty (October 11, 2014 – May 31, 2015)[16]. Dodgers: Brotherhood of the Game (March 29 – September 14, 2014)[17][18]. Perseverance: Japanese Tattoo Tradition in a Modern World (March 8 – September 14, 2014)[19]. Marvels & Monsters: Unmasking Asian Images in U. Folding Paper: The Infinite Possibilities of Origami (March 10 – August 26, 2012)[21]. Drawing the Line: Japanese American Art, Design & Activism in Post-War Los Angeles (October 15, 2011 – February 19, 2012)[22][23]. Year of the Rabbit: Stan Sakai’s Usagi Yojimbo (July 9 – October 30, 2011)[24]. No Victory Ever Stays Won: The ACLU’s 90 Years of Protecting Liberty (November 21 – December 11, 2010). Mixed: Portraits of Multiracial Kids by Kip Fulbeck (March 20 – October 17, 2010)[25]. 20 Years Ago Today: Supporting Visual Artists in L. (October 4, 2008 – January 11, 2009)[26]. Glorious Excess (Born): Paintings by Linkin Park’s Mike Shinoda (July 12 – August 3, 2008)[27]. Living Flowers: Ikebana and Contemporary Art (June 15 – September 7, 2008)[28]. Southern California Gardeners’ Federation: Fifty Years (October 25 – November 13, 2005)[29]. Boyle Heights: The Power of Place (September 8, 2002 – February 23, 2003)[30]. Wrestling the Grand Tradition (July 3 – November 30, 1997)[31]. Dear Miss Breed: Letters from Camp (January 14 – April 13, 1997)[32]. Japanese Americans (Japanese:???? , Hepburn: Nikkei Amerikajin) are Americans who are fully or partially of Japanese descent, especially those who identify with that ancestry and its cultural characteristics. Japanese Americans were among the three largest Asian American ethnic communities during the 20th century; but, according to the 2000 census, they have declined in number to constitute the sixth largest Asian American group at around 773,000, including those of partial ancestry. [4] Southern California has the largest Japanese American population in North America and the city of Gardena holds the densest Japanese American population in the 48 contiguous states. Schools for Japanese Americans and Japanese nationals. Risk for inherited diseases. Japanese Americans by state. Works about Japanese Americans. Main articles: Japanese-American history, Japanese-American life before World War II, and Japanese-American life after World War II. A street in Seattle’s Nihonmachi in 1909. People from Japan began migrating to the US in significant numbers following the political, cultural, and social changes stemming from the Meiji Restoration in 1868. The Japanese population in the United States grew from 148 in 1880 (mostly students) to 2,039 in 1890 and 24,326 by 1900. In 1907, the Gentlemen’s Agreement between the governments of Japan and the United States ended immigration of Japanese unskilled workers, but permitted the immigration of businessmen, students and spouses of Japanese immigrants already in the US. Prior to the Gentlemen’s Agreement, about seven out of eight ethnic Japanese in the continental United States were men. By 1924, the ratio had changed to approximately four women to every six men. [8] Japanese immigration to the U. Effectively ended when Congress passed the Immigration Act of 1924 which banned all but a token few Japanese people. The earlier Naturalization Act of 1790 restricted naturalized United States citizenship to free white persons, which excluded the Issei from citizenship. As a result, the Issei were unable to vote and faced additional restrictions such as the inability to own land under many state laws. Because no new immigrants from Japan were permitted after 1924, almost all pre-World War II Japanese Americans born after this time were born in the United States. This generation, the Nisei, became a distinct cohort from the Issei generation in terms of age, citizenship, and English-language ability, in addition to the usual generational differences. Institutional and interpersonal racism led many of the Nisei to marry other Nisei, resulting in a third distinct generation of Japanese Americans, the Sansei. Significant Japanese immigration did not occur again until the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 ended 40 years of bans against immigration from Japan and other countries. In recent years, immigration from Japan has been more like that from Europe. The numbers involve on average 5 to 10 thousand per year, and is similar to the amount of immigration to the US from Germany. This is in stark contrast to the rest of Asia, where family reunification is the primary impetus for immigration. Main articles: Internment of Japanese Americans and Japanese American redress and court cases. Families of Japanese ancestry being removed from Los Angeles during World War II. During World War II, an estimated 120,000 Japanese Americans and Japanese nationals or citizens residing on the West Coast of the United States were forcibly interned in ten different camps across the Western United States. The internment was based on the race or ancestry, rather than the activities of the interned. Families, including children, were interned together. Four decades later, the Civil Liberties Act of 1988 officially acknowledged the “fundamental violations of the basic civil liberties and constitutional rights” of the internment. [10] Many Japanese-Americans consider the term internment camp a euphemism and prefer to refer to the forced relocation of Japanese-Americans as imprisonment in concentration camps. [11] Webster’s New World Fourth College Edition defines a concentration camp: A prison camp in which political dissidents, members of minority ethnic groups, etc. The nomenclature for each of their generations who are citizens or long-term residents of countries other than Japan, used by Japanese Americans and other nationals of Japanese descent are explained here; they are formed by combining one of the Japanese numbers corresponding to the generation with the Japanese word for generation (sei). The Japanese American communities have themselves distinguished their members with terms like Issei, Nisei, and Sansei, which describe the first, second, and third generations of immigrants. The fourth generation is called Yonsei , and the fifth is called Gosei. The term Nikkei encompasses Japanese immigrants in all countries and of all generations. The generation of people born in Japan who later immigrated to another country. The kanreki , a pre-modern Japanese rite of passage to old age at 60, is now being celebrated by increasing numbers of Japanese American Nisei. Rituals are enactments of shared meanings, norms, and values; and this traditional Japanese rite of passage highlights a collective response among the Nisei to the conventional dilemmas of growing older. See also: Japanese language education in the United States. Issei and many nisei speak Japanese in addition to English as a second language. In general, later generations of Japanese Americans speak English as their first language, though some do learn Japanese later as a second language. [citation needed] It is taught in private Japanese language schools as early as the second grade. As a courtesy to the large number of Japanese tourists (from Japan), Japanese characters are provided on place signs, public transportation, and civic facilities. Stores that cater to the tourist industry often have Japanese-speaking personnel. To show their allegiance to the US, many nisei and sansei intentionally avoided learning Japanese. But as many of the later generations find their identities in both Japan and America or American society broadens its definition of cultural identity, studying Japanese is becoming more popular than it once was. Japanese Americans is located in the United StatesChicagoChicagoOakland, NJOakland, NJGreenwich, CTGreenwich, CTKeio AcademyKeio AcademyNishiyamato AcademyNishiyamato AcademySeigakuin AtlantaSeigakuin AtlantaMeiji GakuinMeiji Gakuin. Locations of Japanese day schools (nihonjin gakko and shiritsu zaigai kyoiku shisetsu) in the contiguous United States approved by the Japanese MEXT (gray dots represent closed schools). Japanese American culture places great value on education and culture. Across generations, children are often instilled with a strong desire to enter the rigors of higher education. Math and reading scores on the SAT and ACT may often exceed the national averages. Japanese Americans have the largest showing of any ethnic group in nationwide Advanced Placement testing each year. A large majority of Japanese Americans obtain post-secondary degrees. Japanese Americans often face the “model minority” stereotype that they are dominant in math- and science-related fields in colleges and universities across the United States. In reality, however, there is an equal distribution of Japanese Americans between the arts and humanities and the sciences. [citation needed] Although their numbers have declined slightly in recent years, Japanese Americans are still a prominent presence in Ivy League schools, the top University of California campuses including UC Berkeley and UCLA, and other elite universities. [citation needed] The 2000 census reported that 40.8% of Japanese Americans held a college degree. Nihon Go Gakko in Seattle. Seigakuin Atlanta International School on March 23, 2014. [14] In the years prior to World War II, many second generation Japanese American attended the American school by day and the Japanese school in the evening to keep up their Japanese skill as well as English. Other first generation Japanese American parents were worried that their child might go through the same discrimination when going to school so they gave them the choice to either go back to Japan to be educated, or to stay in America with their parents and study both languages. [15][page needed] Anti-Japanese sentiment during World War I resulted in public efforts to close Japanese-language schools. The 1927 Supreme Court case Farrington v. Tokushige protected the Japanese American community’s right to have Japanese language private institutions. During the internment of Japanese Americans in World War II many Japanese schools were closed. After the war many Japanese schools reopened. There are primary school-junior high school Japanese international schools within the United States. Some are classified as nihonjin gakko or Japanese international schools operated by Japanese associations, [17] and some are classified as Shiritsu zaigai kyoiku shisetsu or overseas branches of Japanese private schools. [18] They are: Seigakuin Atlanta International School, Chicago Futabakai Japanese School, Japanese School of Guam, Nishiyamato Academy of California near Los Angeles, Japanese School of New Jersey, and New York Japanese School. A boarding senior high school, Keio Academy of New York, is near New York City. It is a Shiritsu zaigai kyoiku shisetsu. There are also supplementary Japanese educational institutions (hoshu jugyo ko) that hold Japanese classes on weekends. They are located in several US cities. [19] The supplementary schools target Japanese nationals and second-generation Japanese Americans living in the United States. There are also Japanese heritage schools for third generation and beyond Japanese Americans. [20] Rachel Endo of Hamline University, [21] the author of “Realities, Rewards, and Risks of Heritage-Language Education: Perspectives from Japanese Immigrant Parents in a Midwestern Community, ” wrote that the heritage schools “generally emphasize learning about Japanese American historical experiences and Japanese culture in more loosely defined terms”. Tennessee Meiji Gakuin High School (shiritsu zaigai kyoiku shisetsu) and International Bilingual School (unapproved by the Japanese Ministry of Education or MEXT) were full-time Japanese schools that were formerly in existence. Religious Makeup of Japanese-Americans (2012)[23]. Japanese Americans practice a wide range of religions, including Mahayana Buddhism (Jodo Shinshu, Jodo-shu, Nichiren, Shingon, and Zen forms being most prominent) their majority faith, Shinto, and Christianity. In many ways, due to the longstanding nature of Buddhist and Shinto practices in Japanese society, many of the cultural values and traditions commonly associated with Japanese tradition have been strongly influenced by these religious forms. San Jose Betsuin Buddhist Temple. A large number of the Japanese American community continue to practice Buddhism in some form, and a number of community traditions and festivals continue to center around Buddhist institutions. A reasonable number of Japanese people both in and out of Japan are secular, as Shinto and Buddhism are most often practiced by rituals such as marriages or funerals, and not through faithful worship, as defines religion for many Americans. Many Japanese Americans also practice Christianity. Among mainline denominations the Presbyterians have long been active. The First Japanese Presbyterian Church of San Francisco opened in 1885. [24] Los Angeles Holiness Church was founded by six Japanese men and women in 1921. [25] There is also the Japanese Evangelical Missionary Society (JEMS) formed in the 1950s. It operates Asian American Christian Fellowships (AACF) programs on university campuses, especially in California. [26] The Japanese language ministries are fondly known as “Nichigo” in Japanese American Christian communities. The newest trend includes Asian American members who do not have a Japanese heritage. An important annual festival for Japanese Americans is the Obon Festival, which happens in July or August of each year. Across the country, Japanese Americans gather on fair grounds, churches and large civic parking lots and commemorate the memory of their ancestors and their families through folk dances and food. Carnival booths are usually set up so Japanese American children have the opportunity to play together. Japanese American celebrations tend to be more sectarian in nature and focus on the community-sharing aspects. A nebuta float during Nisei Week in Los Angeles. Kazari streamers hung during the Tanabata festival in Los Angeles’ Little Tokyo. Bon Odori in Seattle. A kagami mochi display for the upcoming Japanese New Year in San Diego’s Nijiya Market. Major celebrations in the United States. Shogatsu New Year’s Celebration. Hawai? I International Taiko Festival. International Cherry Blossom Festival. National Cherry Blossom Festival. Northern California Cherry Blossom Festival. Pasadena Cherry Blossom Festival. Seattle Cherry Blossom Festival. Tango no Sekku (Boys’ Day). Shinnyo-En Toro-Nagashi (Memorial Day Floating Lantern Ceremony). Pan-Pacific Festival Matsuri in Hawai? I. Patsy Mink entered the U. House of Representatives in 1965 as the first woman of color in either chamber of Congress. Japanese Americans have shown strong support for candidates in both political parties. Shortly prior to the 2004 US presidential election, Japanese Americans narrowly favored Democrat John Kerry by a 42% to 38% margin over Republican George W. [28] In the 2008 US presidential election, the National Asian American Survey found that Japanese American favored Democrat Barack Obama by a 62% to 16% margin over Republican John McCain, while 22% were still undecided. This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia’s quality standards. The specific problem is: section is in need of clarification, wikilinks, paragraph breaks, and a more specific focus on Japanese Americans Please help improve this article if you can. (March 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message). The distribution of the Y-chromosome among Japanese males is a lot different from the males of neighboring countries, such as in Taiwanese males. The Y chromosome is directly correlated to Asian populations, especially in Japanese Americans. The chromosome addition of Y Alu polymorphic element is only displayed in Japanese American men. People of Japanese descent show the highest frequency of the haplogroup O3a5. Haplogroups are groups of genetic populations that share a common ancestor, paternally or maternally. The frequency of this haplogroup is about 5% higher than its frequency in other Asian groups such as Koreans, Manchus, and other Northeast Asians. The Japanese DNA sequence consists of 24.2% Korean, 16.1% Okinawa, 4.8% Uniquely Japanese, 25.8% Chinese, 8.1% Ainu, and 21% Unidentified. The Ainu people were the key to the Japanese genetic origins because researchers found an exact DNA match with the Ainu and the Jomon Japanese to conclude the Ainu rooted all the way back to the Jomon. [30] From mainland Japanese people, the MtDNA haplogroup frequencies are most occurring in the D4 haplogroup, with about 33%, with the second largest frequency in the B4 haplogroup, containing about 9%, and the third largest frequency in the M7a haplogroup, occurring at about 8%. The rest of the other haplogroup frequencies are much smaller than D4, with frequencies ranging from about 3-5%, consisting of mostly N9a, M8, and M9 haplogroups. Between the different Japanese populations, the Yayoi population has the highest haplogroup frequencies of the D4 haplogroup. The Jomon Japanese group has the highest frequency of the N9b haplogroup. In modern Japanese Americans, the highest haplogroup frequency is in the D4 haplogroup, the same as the Yayoi Japanese population. In Okinawa Japanese populations, the highest frequency of haplogroups is the D haplogroup, with the M7a haplogroup frequency directly behind. Of the Ainu Japanese population, the highest haplogroup frequency occurs in the Y haplogroup, followed closely by an even distribution of frequency in the D, M7a, and G haplogroups. Lastly, for mainland Japanese populations, the D haplogroup presents the highest frequency. [31][32] In Japanese Americans, the biggest components are Chinese, Korean, and Okinawan. People of Japanese descent show two pre-Yayoi ancestral Y chromosome lineages descended from Paleolithic people who had been isolated on the mainland of Japan. Studies of the mitochondrial component of Japanese American genes of haplogroup M12 shows a direct correlation of Japanese haplotypes with Tibetans. Other haplotypes that early descents of Japanese people were thought to be carried into include C-M8, which is another Y-chromosome haplotype. Also going back to the Jomon, that gene is displayed in high frequencies in people of Japanese descent. The estimated percentage of this type of gene in Japanese Americans is about 34.7%. The highest frequencies occur in Okinawans and Hokkaidos. [33] Overall, the genetic makeup of Japanese Americans show very mixed origins of genes, all due to the result of migrations of the Japanese ancestors in the past. The risk factors for genetic diseases in Japanese Americans include coronary heart disease and diabetes. One study, called the Japanese American Community Diabetes Study that started in 1994 and went through 2003, involved the pro-bands taking part to test whether the increased risk of diabetes among Japanese Americans is due to the effects of Japanese Americans having a more westernized lifestyle due to the many differences between the United States of America and Japan. One of the main goals of the study was to create an archive of DNA samples which could be used to identify which diseases are more susceptible in Japanese Americans. Concerns with these studies of the risks of inherited diseases in Japanese Americans is that information pertaining to the genetic relationship may not be consistent with the reported biological family information given of Nisei second generation pro-bands. [34] Also, research has been put on concerning apolipoprotein E genotypes; this polymorphism has three alleles (e2, e3, and e4)and was determined from research because of its known association with increased cholesterol levels and risk of coronary heart disease in Japanese Americans. Specifically too, the apolipoprotein e4 allele is linked to Alzheimer’s disease as well. Also, there is increased coronary heart disease in Japanese-American men with a mutation in the cholesterol ester transfer protein gene despite having increased levels of HDL. By definition, HDL are plasma high density lipoproteins that show a genetic relationship with coronary heart disease (CHD). The cholesterol ester transfer protein(CETP) helps the transfer of cholesterol esters from lipoproteins to other lipoproteins in the human body. It plays a fundamental role in the reverse transport of cholesterol to the liver, which is why a mutation in this can lead to coronary heart disease. Studies have shown that the CETP is linked to increased HDL levels. There is a very common pattern of two different cholesterol ester transfer protein gene mutations (D442G, 5.1%; intron 14G:A, 0.5%) found in about 3,469 Japanese American men. This was based on a program called the Honolulu Heart Program. The mutations correlated with decreased CETP levels (-35%) and increased HDL cholesterol levels (+10% for D442G). The relative risk of CHD was 1.43 in men with mutations P. See also: History of the Japanese in Los Angeles and History of the Japanese in San Francisco. In the early 1900s, Japanese Americans established fishing communities on Terminal Island and in San Diego. [37] By 1923, there were two thousand Japanese fishermen sailing out of Los Angeles Harbor. [38] By the 1930s, legislation was passed that attempted to limit Japanese fishermen. Still, areas like San Francisco’s Japantown managed to thrive. Due to the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II, historically Japanese areas fell into disrepair or became adopted by other minority groups (in the case of Black and Latino populations in Little Tokyo). Boats owned by Japanese Americans were confiscated by the U. [39] One of the vessels owned by a Japanese American, the Alert, built in 1930, [40] became YP-264 in December 1941, [37] and was finally struck from the Naval Vessel Register in 2014. Today, many have been renamed cultural centers and focus on the sharing of Japanese culture with local community members, especially in the sponsorship of Obon festivals. The city of Torrance in Greater Los Angeles has headquarters of Japanese automakers and offices of other Japanese companies. Because of the abundance of Japanese restaurants and other cultural offerings are in the city, and Willy Blackmore of L. The Japanese School of New York is located in Greenwich, Connecticut in Greater New York City; it had formerly been located in New York City. The Seigakuin Atlanta International School is located in Peachtree Corners in Greater Atlanta. As of 2011 there is a Japanese community in Arlington Heights, near Chicago. Jay Shimotake, the president of the Mid America Japanese Club, an organization located in Arlington Heights, said Arlington Heights is a very convenient location, and Japanese people in the business environment know it’s a nice location surrounding O’Hare airport. [44] The Chicago Futabakai Japanese School is located in Arlington Heights. The Mitsuwa Marketplace, a shopping center owned by Japanese, opened around 1981. Many Japanese companies have their US headquarters in nearby Hoffman Estates and Schaumburg. There is a Japanese School of Language in Medford. [45] Most Japanese-Americans in the state live in Greater Boston. As of April 2013, the largest Japanese national population in Michigan is in Novi, with 2,666 Japanese residents, and the next largest populations are respectively in Ann Arbor, West Bloomfield Township, Farmington Hills, and Battle Creek. The state has 481 Japanese employment facilities providing 35,554 local jobs. 391 of them are in Southeast Michigan, providing 20,816 jobs, and the 90 in other regions in the state provide 14,738 jobs. The Japanese Direct Investment Survey of the Consulate-General of Japan, Detroit stated that over 2,208 more Japanese residents were employed in the State of Michigan as of October 1, 2012, than had been in 2011. As of March 2011 about 2,500 Japanese Americans combined live in Edgewater and Fort Lee; this is the largest concentration of Japanese Americans in the state. [47] The New Jersey Japanese School is located in Oakland. Paramus Catholic High School hosts a weekend Japanese school, and Englewood Cliffs has a Japanese school. Other smaller Japanese American populations are also located in the remainder of Bergen County and other parts of the state. Mitsuwa Marketplace has a location in Edgewater that also houses a mini shopping complex. See also: Japanese in New York City. There are about 5,500 Japanese Americans in Northern Virginia, representing the majority of Japanese Americans in the state and the multi-state Baltimore-Washington metropolitan area. A small, but relatively high number of Japanese Americans can be found areas surrounding the University of Virginia and Virginia Tech. See also: History of the Japanese in Seattle. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: “Japanese Americans” – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message). See also: Japantown and List of U. Cities with large Japanese-American populations. Little Tokyo Village in Los Angeles’ Little Tokyo. Anaheim and Orange County. Cerritos, Hawaiian Gardens and adjacent cities. Fontana in the Inland Empire. Gardena in Los Angeles’ South Bay area. Lomita in the L. Long Beach, California – historic Japanese fisheries presence in Terminal Island. Los Angeles, especially the Little Tokyo section. Palm Desert, the Japanese also developed the year-round agricultural industries in the Coachella Valley and Imperial Valley. Pasadena in the Los Angeles’ San Gabriel Valley. Santa Monica – esp. Sawtelle, California, in West Los Angeles. Torrance in Los Angeles’ South Bay area, the largest Japanese community in North America and the second largest Japanese community in the U. Venice, Los Angeles – historically Japanese fisheries in Marina Del Rey. Japanese community center in Vista in North County, one of two of its kind in Southern California. Central Valley, California region. Bakersfield / Kern County. Fresno, 5% of county residents have Japanese ancestry. Livingston, California in Merced County. Miyako Mall in San Francisco’s Japantown. San Francisco Bay Area, the main concentration of Nisei and Sansei in the 20th century. Alameda County, concentrated and historic populations in the cities of Alameda, Berkeley, Fremont, Oakland, and Hayward. Contra Costa County, concentrated in Walnut Creek. San Mateo County, especially Daly City and Pacifica. San Jose, has one of the three remaining officially recognized Japantowns in North America. Santa Clara County, concentrated in Cupertino, Palo Alto, Santa Clara, and Sunnyvale. San Francisco, notably in the Japantown district [51]. Monterey County, especially Salinas, California. Sacramento, and some neighborhoods of Elk Grove, Florin and Walnut Grove. Uwajimaya Village in Seattle. Puget Sound region (San Juan Islands) have Japanese fisheries for over a century. Skagit Valley of Washington. Chehalis Valley of Washington. Portland and surrounding area. Phoenix Area, notably a section of Grand Avenue in Northwest Phoenix, and Maryvale. Las Vegas Area, with a reference of Japanese farmers on Bonzai Slough, Arizona near Needles, California. Southern Arizona, part of the “exclusion area” for Japanese internment during World War II along with the Pacific coast states. Yuma County/Colorado River Valley. Gallup, New Mexico, in World War II the city fought to prevent the internment of its 800 Japanese residents. Denver, note Sakura Square. In the Southern, Midwestern, and Northeastern United States, the New York metropolitan area has the highest number of Japanese Americans, followed by the Washington metropolitan area. Arlington, Virginia and Alexandria, Virginia (the Northern Virginia region). Bergen County, New Jersey. Chicago, Illinois and suburbs. Elk Grove Heights and nearby Elk Grove Village. Fayetteville, North Carolina – close to the Research Triangle. Grand Prairie, Texas (the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex area). Japan, North Carolina – former town bulldozed by dam construction. Kansas City metro area. New York City, New York, according to the Japanese Embassy of the US, over 100,000 persons of Japanese ancestry live in the NYC metro area, including South Shore (Long Island) and Hudson Valley; Fairfield County, Connecticut and Northern New Jersey. Northern Indiana has a small, but evident Japanese community. Novi, Michigan outside Detroit. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania with the suburbs of Chester County. Salem, New Jersey and Cherry Hill, New Jersey (see Delaware Valley). Seabrook Farms, New Jersey. South Texas – Rio Grande Valley had Japanese farmers. Washington, DC and suburbs in Maryland and Northern Virginia. Yamato Colony, Florida in South Florida. For a more comprehensive list, see List of Japanese Americans. Sessue Hayakawa 1918 (Fred Hartsook). Eric Shinseki official portrait. Koyamada in Malibu May 2015. Norman Mineta, official portrait, DOT. Mirai Nagasu Podium 2008 Junior Worlds. George Takei Sulu Star Trek. Linkin Park-Rock im Park 2014- by 2eight 3SC0450. Ellison Shoji Onizuka (NASA). Harris Jr PACOM 2015. Melody, doing a peace sign. Jake Shimabukuro performing, by Michale. Hayley-Kiyoko 2010-04-30 photoby Adam-Bielawski. Ryan Higa by Gage Skidmore. After the Territory of Hawai? I’s statehood in 1959, Japanese American political empowerment took a step forward with the election of Daniel K. Spark Matsunaga was elected to the US House of Representatives in 1963, and in 1965, Patsy Mink became the first Asian American woman elected to the United States Congress. Inouye, Matsunaga, and Mink’s success led to the gradual acceptance of Japanese American leadership on the national stage, culminating in the appointments of Eric Shinseki and Norman Y. Mineta, the first Japanese American military chief of staff and federal cabinet secretary, respectively. Japanese American members of the United States House of Representatives have included Daniel K. Inouye, Spark Matsunaga, Patsy Mink, Norman Mineta, Bob Matsui, Pat Saiki, Mike Honda, Doris Matsui, Mazie Hirono, Mark Takano, and Mark Takai. Japanese American members of the United States Senate have included Daniel K. Hayakawa, Spark Matsunaga, and Mazie Hirono. In 2010, Inouye was sworn in as President Pro Tempore making him the highest-ranking Asian-American politician in American history. George Ariyoshi served as the Governor of Hawai? I from 1974 to 1986. He was the first American of Asian descent to be elected governor of a state of the United States. Kinjiro Matsudaira was elected mayor of Edmonston, Maryland in 1927 and 1943. [54] In 1957, Japanese American James Kanno was elected as the first mayor of California’s Fountain Valley. [55] Norm Mineta became mayor of San Jose, California in 1971. [56] In 1980, Eunice Sato became the first Asian-American female mayor of a major American city when she was elected mayor of Long Beach, California. Yoichiro Nambu, the 2008 Nobel Laureate in Physics. Many Japanese Americans have also gained prominence in science and technology. In 1979, biochemist Harvey Itano became the first Japanese American elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences. Pedersen won the 1987 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his methods of synthesizing crown ethers. Yoichiro Nambu won the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on quantum chromodynamics and spontaneous symmetry breaking. Shuji Nakamura won the 2014 Nobel Prize in Physics for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes. Michio Kaku is a theoretical physicist specializing in string field theory, and a well-known science popularizer. Ellison Onizuka became the first Asian American astronaut and was the mission specialist aboard Challenger at the time of its explosion. Ono became the first Japanese American president of a major research university University of Cincinnati and subsequently University of British Columbia. Shimada (R 227) and the Shimada Seamount in the Pacific Ocean were named. In 2018, Lauren Kiyomi Williams became the second ever tenured female mathematician of the Harvard mathematics department. Artist Sueo Serisawa helped establish the California Impressionist style of painting. Other influential Japanese American artists include Chiura Obata, Isamu Noguchi, Kenjiro Nomura, George Tsutakawa, George Nakashima, Hideo Noda, and Ruth Asawa. Architect Minoru Yamasaki designed the original World Trade Center (completed in 1973) and several other large-scale projects. Gyo Obata designed the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D. C (completed in 1976) and the pavilion of the Japanese American National Museum in Los Angeles (completed in 1992). 1984 American Book Award winner Miné Okubo. Japanese American recipients of the American Book Award include Milton Murayama (1980), Ronald Phillip Tanaka (1982), Miné Okubo (1984), Keiho Soga (1985), Taisanboku Mori (1985), Sojin Takei (1985), Muin Ozaki (1985), Toshio Mori (1986), William Minoru Hohri (1989), Karen Tei Yamashita (1991 and 2011), Sheila Hamanaka (1992), Lawson Fusao Inada (1994), Ronald Takaki (1994), Kimiko Hahn (1996), Lois-Ann Yamanaka (2000), Ruth Ozeki (2004), Hiroshi Kashiwagi (2005), Yuko Taniguchi (2008), Sesshu Foster (2010), and Frank Abe (2019). Hisaye Yamamoto received an American Book Award for Lifetime Achievement in 1986. Taro Yashima won the Children’s Book Award in 1955 for his Crow Boy. Cynthia Kadohata won the Newbery Medal in 2005. Poet laureate of San Francisco Janice Mirikitani has published three volumes of poems. Michi Weglyn and Ronald Takaki received Anisfield-Wolf Book Awards in 1977 and 1994 respectively. Tomie Arai’s work is part of permanent collection of Museum of Modern Art, Library of Congress, and the Museum of Chinese in the Americas. Michiko Kakutani is an American Pulitzer Prize-winning literary critic and former chief book critic for The New York Times (from 1983 to 2017). Midori Goto in 2013. Classical violinist Midori Goto is a recipient of the prestigious Avery Fisher Prize (2001), while world-renowned violinist Anne Akiko Meyers received an Avery Fisher career grant in 1993. Juno Award-nominated classical violinist Hidetaro Suzuki was the concertmaster of the Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra from 1978 to 2005. Other notable Japanese American musicians include singer, actress and Broadway star Pat Suzuki; rapper Mike Shinoda of Linkin Park and Fort Minor; rapper Kikuo Nishi aka “KeyKool” of The Visionaries; Hiro Yamamoto, original bassist of Soundgarden; ukulele player Jake Shimabukuro; guitarist James Iha of The Smashing Pumpkins fame; singer-songwriter Rachael Yamagata; bilingual singer-songwriter Emi Meyer; and Trivium lead vocalist and rhythm guitarist Matt Heafy. Marc Okubo, guitarist of Veil of Maya, is of Japanese descent. Singer-songwriter and composer Mari Iijima is a Japanese expat currently living in the United States. J-Pop singers Hikaru Utada and Joe Inoue were both born in the United States but gained their fame in Japan. 1952 gold medalist Ford Konno. Japanese Americans first made an impact in Olympic sports in the late 1940s and in the 1950s. Harold Sakata won a weightlifting silver medal in the 1948 Olympics, while Japanese Americans Tommy Kono (weightlifting), Yoshinobu Oyakawa (100-meter backstroke), and Ford Konno (1500-meter freestyle) each won gold and set Olympic records in the 1952 Olympics. Also at the 1952 Olympics, Evelyn Kawamoto won two bronze medals in swimming. Konno won another gold and silver swimming medal at the same Olympics and added a silver medal in 1956, while Kono set another Olympic weightlifting record in 1956. Several decades later, Eric Sato won gold (1988) and bronze (1992) medals in volleyball, while his sister Liane Sato won bronze in the same sport in 1992. Bryan Clay (hapa) won the decathlon gold medal in the 2008 Olympics, the silver medal in the 2004 Olympics, and was the sport’s 2005 world champion. Apolo Anton Ohno (hapa) won eight Olympic medals in short-track speed skating (two gold) in 2002, 2006, and 2010, as well as a world cup championship. Brothers Kawika and Erik Shoji won bronze medals in volleyball in 2016. In figure skating, Kristi Yamaguchi, a fourth-generation Japanese American, won three national championship titles (one in singles, two in pairs), two world titles, and the 1992 Olympic gold medal in singles figure skating. Rena Inoue, a Japanese immigrant to America who later became a US citizen, competed at the 2006 Olympics in pair skating for the United States. Kyoko Ina, who was born in Japan, but raised in the United States, competed for the United States in singles and pairs, and was a multiple national champion and an Olympian with two different partners. Two-time Olympian Mirai Nagasu won the 2008 U. Figure Skating Championships at the age of 14, becoming the second youngest woman to ever win that title. Alex and Maia Shibutani are two-time national champions in ice dancing and 2018 Olympic bronze medalists. In distance running, Miki (Michiko) Gorman won the Boston and New York City marathons twice in the 1970s. A former American record holder at the distance, she is the only woman to win both races twice, and is one of only two women to win both marathons in the same year. In professional sports, Nisei-born Wataru Misaka made the New York Knicks roster in 1947 as the first person of color to play in modern professional basketball, just months after Jackie Robinson had broken the color barrier in Major League Baseball for the Brooklyn Dodgers. [60] Misaka played college basketball for the Utah Utes and led the team to win the 1944 NCAA and 1947 NIT championships. He took a two-year hiatus between these titles to serve in the United States Army in the American occupation of Japan. Wally Kaname Yonamine was a professional running back for the San Francisco 49ers in 1947. Rex Walters, whose mother was Japanese, played in the NBA from 1993 to 2000. Lindsey Yamasaki was the first Asian American to play in the WNBA and finished off her NCAA career with the third-most career 3-pointers at Stanford University. Hikaru Nakamura became the youngest American ever to earn the titles of National Master (age 10) and International Grandmaster (age 15) in chess. In 2004, at the age of 16, he won the U. Chess Championship for the first time. He later won four other times. 1957 Academy Award winner Miyoshi Umeki. Miyoshi Umeki won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress in 1957. Actors Sessue Hayakawa, Mako Iwamatsu, and Pat Morita were nominated for Academy Awards in 1957, 1966, and 1984 respectively. Steven Okazaki won the 1990 Academy Award for Best Documentary (Short Subject) for his film Days of Waiting: The Life & Art of Estelle Ishigo. Chris Tashima won the 1997 Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film. Audrey Marrs won the 2010 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. Kazu Hiro won the Academy Award for Best Makeup and Hairstyling in 2018 and 2020, winning the second award as an American citizen. Jack Soo, born Goro Suzuki, (Valentine’s Day and Barney Miller), George Takei (Star Trek fame) and Pat Morita (Happy Days and The Karate Kid) helped pioneer acting roles for Asian Americans while playing secondary roles on the small screen during the 1960s and 1970s. In 1976, Morita also starred in Mr. T and Tina, the first American sitcom centered on a person of Asian descent. Gregg Araki (director of independent films) is also Japanese American. Shin Koyamada had a leading role in the Warner Bros. Epic movie The Last Samurai and Disney Channel movie franchise Wendy Wu: Homecoming Warrior and TV series Disney Channel Games. Masi Oka played a prominent role in the NBC series Heroes, Grant Imahara appeared on the Discovery Channel series MythBusters and Derek Mio appeared in the NBC series Day One. Japanese Americans now anchor TV newscasts in markets all over the country. Notable anchors include Tritia Toyota, Adele Arakawa, David Ono, Kent Ninomiya, Lori Matsukawa, and Rob Fukuzaki. See also: List of feature films about the Japanese American internment. See also: the categories Films about the internment of Japanese Americans and Books about the internment of Japanese Americans. In 2010 TBS produced a five-part, ten-hour fictional Japanese language miniseries, Japanese Americans. This featured many of the major events and themes of the Issei and Nisei experience, including emigration, racism, picture brides, farming, pressure due to the China and Pacific wars, internment, a key character who serves in the 442nd, and the ongoing redefinition in identity of what it means to be Japanese and American. Buddhist Churches of America (Young Buddhist Association & Buddhist Women’s Association). Zenshuji Soto Misson & Soto Zen Buddhist Association. List of Shinto shrines in the United States. Day of Remembrance (Japanese Americans). Go for Broke Monument. Japanese American Citizens League. Japanese American National Library. Japanese American National Museum. Japanese American service in World War II. 442nd Infantry Regiment, and the related 522nd Field Artillery Battalion. List of Japanese American Servicemen and Servicewomen in World War II. Japanese Community Youth Council (San Francisco). Japanese in Los Angeles. Japanese in New York City. Japanese in the United Kingdom. Nisei Baseball Research Project. Pacific Movement of the Eastern World.
1940s ORIGINAL JAPANESE AMERICAN LOS ANGELES RPPC AND PHOTOS VERY RARE VINTAGE
1946_RARE_First_Post_WWII_57th_Rose_Bowl_Parade_Photos_Pasadena_Calif_Lot_of_30_01_po

1946 RARE First Post-WWII 57th Rose Bowl Parade Photos Pasadena Calif. Lot of 30

1946 RARE First Post-WWII 57th Rose Bowl Parade Photos Pasadena Calif. Lot of 30
1946 RARE First Post-WWII 57th Rose Bowl Parade Photos Pasadena Calif. Lot of 30
1946 RARE First Post-WWII 57th Rose Bowl Parade Photos Pasadena Calif. Lot of 30
1946 RARE First Post-WWII 57th Rose Bowl Parade Photos Pasadena Calif. Lot of 30
1946 RARE First Post-WWII 57th Rose Bowl Parade Photos Pasadena Calif. Lot of 30
1946 RARE First Post-WWII 57th Rose Bowl Parade Photos Pasadena Calif. Lot of 30
1946 RARE First Post-WWII 57th Rose Bowl Parade Photos Pasadena Calif. Lot of 30
1946 RARE First Post-WWII 57th Rose Bowl Parade Photos Pasadena Calif. Lot of 30
1946 RARE First Post-WWII 57th Rose Bowl Parade Photos Pasadena Calif. Lot of 30
1946 RARE First Post-WWII 57th Rose Bowl Parade Photos Pasadena Calif. Lot of 30
1946 RARE First Post-WWII 57th Rose Bowl Parade Photos Pasadena Calif. Lot of 30
1946 RARE First Post-WWII 57th Rose Bowl Parade Photos Pasadena Calif. Lot of 30

1946 RARE First Post-WWII 57th Rose Bowl Parade Photos Pasadena Calif. Lot of 30
1946 RARE First Post-WWII 57th Rose Bowl Parade Photos Pasadena Calif. The pictures are black and white 187L 3″ x 4.25″ in vintage condition with some signs of wear (please see pictures for further condition). 1946 Rose Parade, the first post-WWII parade and one with a fitting theme — Victory, Unity and Peace. The Grand Marshall this year was Admiral Frederick Halsey who led the U. Navy to victory in WWII. Here are some of the picture lot highlights. 1943 Commemorative Float (No parade this year). 1942 Commemorative Float (No parade this year). San Jose – Santa Clara County Float. 57th Annual Tournament of Roses Float. University of California USC Marching Band. American Legion – Iwo Jima Flag Raising Float. Los Angeles County – Wings of Victory Float. Grand Marshall Float – Admiral Frederick Halsey. Please contact me with any issues prior to leaving negative/neutral Feedback or low detail ratings, as I will always do my best to solve any problems that may come up!
1946 RARE First Post-WWII 57th Rose Bowl Parade Photos Pasadena Calif. Lot of 30