Zenithal highlighting is a popular miniature painting technique used to create realistic light and shadow effects. By simulating the way light naturally falls from above, this technique helps bring out depth, contrast, and details in models. One of the easiest and most effective ways to achieve this effect is by using a rattle can (spray paint).
This guide will explain what zenithal highlighting is, how to do it with a rattle can, and tips for achieving the best results. Whether you’re painting miniatures for wargames, board games, or display, this technique will help enhance the final look of your models.
What Is Zenithal Highlighting?
Zenithal highlighting is a pre-shading technique where different tones of spray paint are applied to a miniature to create natural-looking light and shadow. The word zenithalâ comes from zenith, meaning the highest point in the sky, which represents the direction of light in this technique.
Why Use Zenithal Highlighting?
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Enhances contrast – Helps define shapes and textures before applying base colors.
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Speeds up painting – Makes layering and glazing more effective.
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Works well with transparent paints – Great for speed painting with contrast or ink-based paints.
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Gives miniatures a professional look – Even simple models appear more dynamic and realistic.
What You Need for Zenithal Highlighting with a Rattle Can
Using rattle cans (spray paint) makes zenithal priming quick and efficient. Here’s what you need:
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Miniatures – Cleaned and assembled models ready for priming.
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Black spray primer – The darkest base layer to create deep shadows.
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White spray primer – The highlight layer to simulate light from above.
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Grey spray primer (optional) – A mid-tone layer for smoother transitions.
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Masking materials – Gloves, paper, or a turntable to control overspray.
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A well-ventilated space – Spray painting should always be done in an open or ventilated area.
Step-by-Step Guide to Zenithal Highlighting with a Rattle Can
1. Prime the Model with Black Spray Paint
Start by spraying the entire model with black primer. Hold the rattle can about 6-12 inches away and apply smooth, even coats. Let it dry completely. This black layer acts as the deepest shadow, helping create contrast later.
2. Apply a Grey Mid-Tone (Optional)
For a smoother transition between black and white, you can lightly spray a grey primer at a 45-degree angle around the miniature. This step is optional but helps create a more gradual shading effect.
3. Spray White from Above
Once the black (or grey) layer is dry, spray white primer from directly above at a 90-degree angle. This mimics sunlight hitting the top of the model, creating natural highlights. You can also spray at slight angles to highlight raised areas like shoulders, heads, and weapons.
4. Adjust and Refine
Look at your miniature from different angles to check the highlight effect. If needed, you can:
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Add more white for stronger highlights.
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Mist with grey to blend transitions.
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Reapply black in case of over-spraying.
Let the primer fully dry before moving on to the next painting steps.
Best Practices for Zenithal Highlighting with a Rattle Can
1. Use Light Coats
Heavy spraying can obscure details and cause pooling. Apply light coats and build up layers gradually.
2. Maintain the Right Distance
Keep the spray can 6-12 inches away from the model to prevent over-saturation and achieve even coverage.
3. Work in a Well-Ventilated Area
Spray paints contain chemicals that can be harmful. Use a spray booth or paint outdoors for safety.
4. Let Each Layer Dry
Rushing can cause paint to become sticky or uneven. Allow proper drying time before applying the next coat.
5. Rotate the Miniature
Use a turntable or hold the base to spray from different angles without touching the model.
Using Zenithal Highlighting with Different Painting Styles
Contrast and Speed Painting
Zenithal priming works well with contrast paints, inks, and glazes. The white highlights naturally brighten colors, while the darker areas add shading, reducing the need for complex layering.
Traditional Layering and Blending
If you plan to use traditional acrylic paints, zenithal highlighting serves as a guideline for light placement. You can follow the pre-shaded areas to apply highlights and shadows more effectively.
Weathering and Realism
For gritty and realistic effects, let some of the zenithal primer show through by using thin layers of paint. This technique is especially useful for worn armor, cloaks, and textured surfaces.
Common Mistakes to Avoid
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Over-spraying white – Too much white can reduce contrast, making the model look flat.
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Skipping black primer – The dark base layer is essential for depth and shadow.
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Using too much grey – A strong mid-tone can weaken the dramatic effect of highlights.
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Spraying from the wrong angles – Always spray from above for a realistic light effect.
Zenithal highlighting with a rattle can is an easy and effective way to add depth, contrast, and realism to miniatures. By carefully applying black, grey, and white primer from different angles, you can create a natural light and shadow effect that enhances your paint job.
Whether you’re a beginner or an experienced painter, this technique saves time and improves the final result of your miniatures. With practice, zenithal priming will become an essential part of your painting workflow!